Bamboo charcoal addition enhanced the nitrogen removal of anammox granular sludge with COD: Performance, physicochemical characteristics and microbial community

The effects of different chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations on the anammox granular sludge with Bamboo Charcoal (BC) addition were evaluated in UASB reactor. The results showed that the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was reduced from 85.9% to 81.4% when COD concentration was increased from 50 to 150 mg/L. However, the TN removal efficiency of BC addition reactors was dramatically 3.1%–6.4% higher than that without BC under different COD concentrations. The average diameter of granular sludge was 0.13 mm higher than that without BC. The settling velocity was increased by elevated COD concentration, while the EPS and VSS/SS were increased with BC addition. The high-throughput Miseq sequencing analyses revealed that the bacterial diversity and richness were decreased under COD addition, and the Planctomycetes related to anammox bacteria were Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia. The Metagenomic sequencing indicated that the abundance of denitrification related functional genes all increased with elevated COD, while the abundance of anammox related functional genes of decreased. The functional genes related to anammox was hydrazine synthase encoding genes (hzsA, hzsB and hzsB). The average relative abundance of hzs genes in the reactor with BC addition was higher than the control at COD concentrations of 50 mg/L and 150 mg/L. The functional genes of denitrification mediated by BC were higher than those without BC throughout the operation phase. It is interesting to note that BC addition greatly enriched the related functional genes of denitrification and anammox.     

Advanced landfill leachate treatment using a two-stage UASB-SBR system at low temperature

A two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) and sequencing batch reactor(SBR) system was introduced to treat landfill leachate for advanced removal of COD and nitrogen at low temperature.In order to improve the total nitrogen(TN) removal efficiency and to reduce the COD requirement for denitrification,the raw leachate with recycled SBR nitrification supernatant was pumped into the first-stage UASB(UASB1) to achieve simultaneous denitrification and methanogenesis.The results showed that UASB1 played an important role in COD removal and UASB2 and SBR further enhanced the nutrient removal efficiency.When the organic loading rates of UASB1,UASB2 and SBR were 11.95,1.63 and 1.29 kg COD/(m3·day),respectively,the total COD removal efficiency of the whole system reached 96.7%.The SBR acted as the real undertaker for NH4+-N removal due to aerobic nitrification.The system obtained about 99.7% of NH4+-N removal efficiency at relatively low temperature(14.9-10.9°C).More than 98.3% TN was removed through complete denitrification in UASB1 and SBR.In addition,temperature had a significant effiect on the rates of nitrification and denitrification rather than the removal of TN and NH4+-N once the complete nitrification and denitrification were achieved.     

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal using thermal alkaline hydrolyzed municipal wastewater biosolids

This study reports the feasibility of using municipal wastewater biosolids as an alternative carbon source for biological phosphorus removal. The biosolids were treated by a lowtemperature, thermal alkaline hydrolysis process patented by Lystek International Inc.(Cambridge, ON, Canada) to produce short-chain volatile fatty acids and other readily biodegradable organics. Two sequencing batch reactors(SBRs) were operated with synthetic volatile fatty acids(Syn VFA) and readily biodegradable organics produced from the alkaline hydrolysis of municipal wastewater biosolids(Lystek) as the carbon source, respectively.Municipal wastewaters with different strengths and COD:N:P ratios were tested in the study. The reactors' performances were compared with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus removal. It was observed that phosphorus removal efficiencies were between 98%–99% and 90%–97% and nitrogen removal efficiencies were 78%–81%, and 67% for the Syn VFA and Lystek, respectively. However, the kinetics for phosphorus release and uptake during the anaerobic and aerobic stages with Lystek were observed to be significantly lower than Syn VFA due to the presence of higher order VFAs(C4 and above) and other fermentable organics in the Lystek.     

Effect of air-exposed biocathode on the performance of a Thauera-dominated membraneless single-chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC)

To investigate the effect of air-exposed biocathode(AEB) on the performance of singlechamber microbial fuel cell(SCMFC), wastewater quality, bioelectrochemical characteristics and the electrode biofilms were researched. It was demonstrated that exposing the biocathode to air was beneficial to nitrogen removal and current generation. In Test 1 of 95%AEB, removal rates of ammonia, total nitrogen(TN) and chemical oxygen demand(COD)reached 99.34% ± 0.11%, 99.34% ± 0.10% and 90.79% ± 0.12%, respectively. The nitrogen removal loading rates were 36.38 g N/m~3/day. Meanwhile, current density and power density obtained at 0.7 A/m3 and 104 m W/m~3 respectively. Further experiments on opencircuit(Test 2) and carbon source(Test 3) indicated that this high performance could be attributed to simultaneous biological nitrification/denitrification and aerobic denitrification, as well as bioelectrochemical denitrification. Results of community analysis demonstrated that both microbial community structures on the surface of the cathode and in the liquid of the chamber were different. The percentage of Thauera, identified as denitrifying bacteria, maintained at a high level of over 50% in water, but decreased gradually in the AEB. Moreover, the genus Nitrosomonas, Alishewanella, Arcobacter and Rheinheimera were significantly enriched in the AEB, which might contribute to both enhancement of nitrogen removal and electricity generation.     

Enrichment of anammox biomass during mainstream wastewater treatment driven by achievement of partial denitrification through the addition of bio-carriers

Anammox is widely considered as the most cost-effective and sustainable process for nitrogen removal.However,how to achieve the enrichment of anammox biomass remains a challenge for its large-scale application,especially in mainstream wastewater treatment.In this study,the feasibility of enrichment of anammox biomass was explored through the realization of partial denitrification and the addition of bio-carriers.By using ordinary activated sludge,a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) followed by an u...     

Effects of ferrous and manganese ions on anammox process in sequencing batch biofilm reactors

Ferrous and manganese ions, as essential elements, significantly affect the synthesis of Haem-C, which participates in the energy metabolism and proliferation of anammox bacteria. In this study, two identical sequencing batch biofilm reactors were used to investigate the effects of ferrous and manganese ions on nitrogen removal efficiency and the potential of metal ions serving as electron donor/acceptors in the anammox process. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to investigate the microbial growth. Results showed that the nitrogen removal increased at high concentrations of Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ and the maximum removal efficiency was nearly 95% at Fe2＋ 0.08 mmol/L and Mn2＋ 0.05 mmol/L, which is nearly 15% and 8% higher than at the lowest Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations （0.04 and 0.0125 mmol/L）. The stabilities of the anammox reactor and the anammox bacterial growth were also enhanced with the elevated Fe2＋ and Mn2＋ concentrations. The Fe2＋ and Mn2＋were consumed by anammox bacteria along with the removal of ammonia and nitrite. Stoichiometry analysis showed Fe2＋ could serve as an electron donor for NO3-N in the anammox process. Nitrate could be reduced with Fe2＋ serving as the electron donor in the anammox system, which causes the value of NO~-N/NH4-N to decrease with the increasing of N-removal efficiency.     

Nitrogen removal via nitrite from municipal landfill leachate

A system consisting of a two-stage up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), an anoxic/aerobic (A/O) reactor and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), was used to treat landfill leachate. During operation, denitrification and methanogenesis took place simultaneously in the first stage UASB, and the e uent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was further removed in the second stage UASB. Then the denitrification of nitrite and nitrate in the returned sludge by using the residual COD was accomplished in the A/O reactor, and ammonia was removed via nitrite in it. Last but not least, the residual ammonia was removed in SBR as well as nitrite and nitrate which were produced by nitrification. The results over 120 d (60 d for phase I and 60 d for phase II) were as follows: when the total nitrogen (TN) concentration of influent leachate was about 2500 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen concentration was about 2000 mg/L, the shortcut nitrification with 85%–90% nitrite accumulation was achieved stably in the A/O reactor. The TN and ammonia nitrogen removal e ciencies of the system were 98% and 97%, respectively. The residual ammonia, nitrite and nitrate produced during nitrification in the A/O reactor could be washed out almost completely in SBR. The TN and ammonia nitrogen concentrations of final e uent were about 39 mg/L and 12 mg/L, respectively.     

Anammox transited from denitrification in upflow biofilm reactor

Anammox was successfully transited from heterotrophic denitrification and autotrophic denitrification in two upflow biofilm reactors, respectively. The results showed that the volumetric loading rate and nitrogen removal efficiency in the reactor transited from heterotrophic denitrification were higher than that in its counterpart. When the hydraulic retention time was 12 h or so, the total nitrogen loading rate was about 0.609 kg N/(m^3 .d), and the effluent ammonia and nitrite concentrations were less than 8.5 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L,respectively. The upflow anammox biofilm reactor was capable of keeping and accumulating the slow-growing bacteria efficiently. During operation of the reactor, the biomass color was gradually turned from brownish to red, and the ratio of ammonia consumption, nitrite consumption and nitrate production approached the theoretical one. These changes could be used as an indicator for working state of the reactor.     

Denitrification and microbial community in MBBR using A. donax as carbon source and biofilm carriers for reverse osmosis concentrate treatment

In this study,raw Arundo donax(A.donax)pieces were applied as carbon source and biofilm carriers for denitrification in a lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactor(MBBR)for the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate gathered from local wastewater reuse plant.At stable phase(about 60 days),efficient denitrification performance was obtained with73.2%±19.5%NO_(3-)~-N average removal and 8.10±3.45 g N/(m~3·day)NO_(3-)~-N average volumetric removal rate.Mass balance analysis showed that 4.84 g A.donax was required to remove 1 g TN.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results showed that the copy numbers of 16S r-RNA,narG,nirS,nosZ and anammox gene of carrier biofilm and suspended activated sludge in the declination phase(BF2 and AS2)were lower than those of samples in the stable phase(BF1 and AS1),and relatively higher copy numbers of nirS and nirK genes with lower abundance of narG and nosZ genes were observed.High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted for BF2 and AS2,and similar dominant phyla and classes with different abundance were obtained.The class Gammaproteobacteria affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria was the most dominant microbial community in both BF2(52.6%)and AS2(41.7%).The PICRUSt prediction results indicated that 33 predictive specific genes were related to denitrification process,and the relative abundance of 18 predictive specific genes in BF2 were higher than those in AS2.     

Nitrogen removal influence factors in A/O process and decision trees for nitrification/denitrification system

In order to improve nitrogen removal in anoxic/oxic(NO) process effectively for treating domestic wastewaters, the influence factors, DO( dissolved oxygen), nitrate recirculation, sludge recycle, SRT( solids residence time), influent COD/TN and HRT( hydraulic retention time) were studied. Results indicated that it was possible to increase nitrogen removal by using corresponding control strategies,such as, adjusting the DO set point according “to effluent ammonia concentration; manipulating nitrate recirculation flow according to nitrate concentration at the end of anoxic zone. Based on the experiments results, a knowledge-based approach for supervision of the nitrogen removal problems was considered, and decision trees for diagnosing nitrification and denitrification problems were built and successfully applied to NO process.     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能及微生物群落的影响

为考察有机物对厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器脱氮效能的影响,采用MPN（most probable number）法和高通量测序技术,结合处理效果数据,对比分析了有无有机物影响下生物膜中微生物群落差异.试验表明：在进水有机物（COD）为30和60 mg·L^-1作用下,总氮去除率与进水COD为0 mg·L^-1时的84.10%相比较分别提高了5.08%和10.41%;COD为90 mg·L^-1时,总氮去除率降至89.05%.由MPN法和高通量测序结果可知,相对于无有机物,60 mg·L^-1有机物使反应器中反硝化菌数量增加,浮霉菌门和变形菌门丰度明显提高,且微生物群落更加丰富.有机物能影响反应器中厌氧氨氧化、反硝化脱氮效能及微生物菌落丰度,适宜的有机物浓度可使厌氧氨氧化与反硝化作用有效耦合,提高反应器的脱氮效能.本研究可为厌氧氨氧化生物膜反应器处理含有机物的实际污水提供参考价值.     

补充碳源提取液对人工湿地脱氮作用的影响

为了提高人工湿地的脱氮效率,在不同条件下分别对美人蕉、香蒲及稻杆进行稀硫酸水解,以获得相应碳源提取液.正交实验表明,稀硫酸浓度的提高和水解时间的增加都会导致碳源释碳能力的提高,稻杆在5%稀硫酸溶液中水解30 min以上,释碳能力最高.通过观察,前2 d是系统脱氮反应高峰时段.对以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源的脱氮过程,随C/N比升高,NO₃^--N和TN去除率增长明显;而NH₄⁺-N受溶解氧制约,去除有限;随C/N比升高,碳源对系统溶解氧的竞争会进一步抑制硝化反应的彻底进行.而对以NO₃^--N为氮源的反硝化过程,补充碳源对TN和NO₃^--N的去除有明显作用;TN去除率由54%提高到95%,NO₃^--N去除率由48%提高到96%;中间产物NO₂^--N的积累与NO₃^--N去除率有关;当NO₃^--N去除率较高时,NO₂^--N无积累.此外,基质反硝化强度也随C/N比升高呈上升趋势,湿地填料细沙层的反硝化强度略高于碎石层.     

有机物对连续流Anammox脱氮及微生物群落影响

采用UASB连续流反应器,研究了不同有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能及微生物群落结构的长期影响,结果表明,在COD浓度分别为0,20,40,60和80mg/L时,40mg/L COD浓度条件下对厌氧氨氧化反应的促进程度最大,TN和COD去除率稳定在88.5%和75.3%.在低浓度COD（20mg/L）条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应受影响程度不明显,而COD为60和80mg/L时,系统脱氮性能受到不同程度的抑制.通过高通量测序技术对不同COD浓度下的微生物群落结构进行分析,结果表明不同COD浓度下,绿曲挠菌门（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）等占据主导,且随着COD浓度从0增至80mg/L,浮霉菌门相对丰度从24.60%降至7.70%,其中的Candidatus Brocadia属降幅最大,丰度从12.14%减至3.63%,变形菌门相对丰度从15.40%增至36.30%,其中Bdelloribrio菌属的增幅最大,丰度从0.01%增至8.39%.     

一体化厌氧氨氧化工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的性能研究

以垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,研究UASB-除碳-一体化ANAMMOX工艺的除碳脱氮特性.结果表明:该工艺可实现高效除碳脱氮;在进水COD浓度6210~16365mg/L?TN浓度为990~2100mg/L时工艺出水COD浓度最低为655mg/L,出水TN浓度最低为39.9mg/L.进水中的可降解COD主要在UASB和除碳池中去除(分别为59%和31%),进入到一体化ANAMMOX池中的多为惰性有机物质;TN的去除在除碳池和一体化ANAMMOX池中进行,其中除碳池中TN去除量占工艺TN去除量的53%,主要通过同步硝化反硝化去除;ANAMMOX池中TN去除46%,主要通过AOB和AnAOB的协同作用实现.当除碳池出水含可降解有机物时,对后续一体化ANAMMOX池的自养脱氮抑制严重;充分降解除碳池中的可降解有机物是影响系统脱氮效率的关键因素.     

进水渗滤液总氮和BOD5/TN对填埋场反应器反硝化和厌氧氨氧化协同脱氮的影响

晚期垃圾渗滤液具有氨氮浓度较高、碳氮比(C/N)较低和可生化性差的特点,生物脱氮较困难.本文研究了改变进水总氮负荷和BOD5/TN比值对填埋场生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,总氮负荷为15~25g·(m3·d)-1的范围内时,总氮去除负荷稳定为10~12 g·(m3·d)-1,但是总氮去除率随着负荷的增加从67.7%下降至60.2%,说明在一定范围总氮负荷的增加会降低总氮去除率,但不会影响去除负荷.当改变进水的BOD5/TN从0.3提高到0.4后,总氮负荷为9 g·(m3·d)-1时的厌氧、准好氧反应器,总氮去除率可从79.9%分别提高到89.9%和86.2%,表明提高BOD5/TN能够有效促进填埋场生物反应器对总氮污染物的去除,并且厌氧条件下效果更好.脱氮途径分析表明,填埋场生物反应器中厌氧氨氧化和反硝化作用可以协同脱氮.     

AnMBR-Anammox耦合污水甲烷回收及自养脱氮的工艺特性研究

本研究分别启动了厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor, AnMBR)和部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器(Partial Nitrification/Anammox, PN/A),两者达到稳态后耦合为"AnMBR+PN/Anammox"新系统,实现前段有机质甲烷化、后段自养脱氮的污水处理目的.耦合系统运行结果表明:化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)在AnMBR的去除率为96%,其中80.3%的COD在此段转化为CH_4,Anammox内一定的反硝化作用进一步强化了COD去除,系统COD总去除率达97%以上;氮污染物经AnMBR处理后均以NH~+_4-N形态存在,再经PN/A处理后,总氮(total nitrogen, TN)平均去除率达78%;系统出水COD和TN值分别低于13和11 mg·L~(-1).因此,AnMBR-Anammox耦合系统在同步实现污水甲烷回收、自养脱氮、低碳氮排放方面具有显著优势,本研究结果为开发AnMBR-Anammox耦合新工艺提供了理论依据.     

连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺的反硝化脱氮特性

采用连续流分段进水短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化（partial denitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation,PD-Anammox）耦合反硝化工艺处理低C/N生活污水,研究了污染物去除、典型周期COD及氮素沿程变化特征、短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化和反硝化对TN去除贡献。结果表明:在平均进水ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）为193.1,58.6,60.3 mg/L的条件下,系统出水平均ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）分别为46.3,1.5,13.4 mg/L,低于GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。采用NO₃--N预缺氧和进水点后置,可实现缺氧区NO₃--N→NO₂--N转化,同时完成厌氧氨氧化过程;缺氧区设置厌氧氨氧化悬浮填料,可提高系统TN去除率。通过缺氧区物料衡算,缺氧1区厌氧氨氧化对TN去除贡献率（ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN）均值为54.37%,缺氧2区的ΔPD-Anammox/ΔTN均值为64.17%。     

不同曝气强度下SBMBBR和SBR脱氮除磷性能对比研究

对比考察了不同曝气强度下序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)和序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)的脱氮除磷效果,并分析了反应器单个周期内有机物、氮和磷的转化过程.实验结果表明,SBMBBR和SBR脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同步硝化反硝化(SND)及进水、搅拌阶段发生的缺氧反硝化途径实现的,而除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程而完成.曝气强度会影响SBR和SBMBBR好氧阶段SND发生的程度,最佳曝气强度下两者通过SND作用去除的TN量分别达到去除总量的47.7%和79.0%.在采用先行厌氧的运行方式,保持系统内高浓度微生物,使反应器在进水C/N比只有2.2～3.5的条件下均取得了良好的脱氮除磷效果.两者相比,SBMBBR和SBR在COD和NH4-N去+除方面没有差异,而SBMBBR的反硝化、除磷效果更优,TN、TP去除率分别达到95.4%和93.5%,较SBR分别高出10.9%和4.1%.     

基质浓度对ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化脱氮除碳效能影响及动力学特征

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为研究对象,以一定COD、NH+4-N和NO-2-N比例增加进水基质浓度,以明确基质负荷提高对ABR厌氧氨氧化和反硝化协同体系脱氮除碳的影响,并通过基质去除模型获得反应器对基质的耐受程度.研究表明,ABR反应器能够实现厌氧氨氧化反硝化耦合脱氮除碳,当进水基质COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度从220、168和60 mg·L~(-1)提高至420、270和110 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能下降,COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别为97%、94%、30%和78%,厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的贡献率从43.08%骤降至16.49%,反硝化脱氮贡献率从53.81%增至82.07%.动力学模型拟合发现,Stover-Kincannon模型(R2=0.937,TN;R2=0.975,COD)较一级基质去除模型(R2=0.314,TN;R2=0.016,COD)更适合评价反应器对基质的承受力;Stover-Kincannon模型表明,反应器对TN和COD的最大基质利用率分别为1.43 g·L-1·d-1和3.33 g·L-1·d-1,饱和常数(KB)分别为1.2和3.79,研究认为ABR协同脱氮除碳体系理论上还有继续提升基质负荷的潜力.     

竹丝填充床对高有机负荷及低C/N水质的脱氮特性

利用竹丝填料作为生物载体而组建的接触氧化工艺对高浓度难降解水质和低C/N水质的脱氮特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水COD为804～5100mg/L,BOD为45.0～1100mg/L,BOD/COD为0.01～0.46的情况下,TN去除率为26.6%～96.95%,出水BOD/COD为0.07～0.75;当COD为98～251mg/L,TN为28.0～105.1mg/L,COD/TN为1.6～4.6时,TN去除率为4.94%～48.8%,说明竹丝填料接触氧化工艺在高浓度难降解水质和低C/N比水质条件下具有很好的脱氮效果,但竹子囊腔内的竹汁会使系统脱氮效果波动;对反应器内的主要菌群的分布特征研究发现,在处理高浓度难降解水质过程中,进、出口处细菌浓度相当;而在处理低C/N水质过程中,细菌、硝化细菌主要分布在反应器的进口处,反硝化细菌沿程均匀分布.