2种孔径沸石分子筛对水中土霉素的去除研究

选择2种不同孔径的亲水性沸石分子筛5A和13X作为吸附材料,对水中的土霉素(OTC)进行吸附和脱附实验,重点考察pH、温度对吸附的影响,进行吸附动力学和热力学的计算,分析亲水性沸石分子筛的吸附机制.结果表明,2种分子筛对OTC均有较大的吸附量,吸附过程可用单层吸附模型拟合,在温度为298K、pH=7.0条件下5A和13X的饱和吸附量分别为667mg/g和1429mg/g;同一温度下13X的吸附量明显大于5A;二级动力学方程能较好地描述2种分子筛对OTC的吸附动力学,在解吸时,5A和13X分别得到91%和95%的OTC脱附率;溶液pH值对吸附影响较大,中性条件下分子筛对OTC的吸附量达到最大;热力学计算显示2种分子筛对OTC的吸附均属于自发的吸热反应,综合表观为化学氢键力占主导作用.     

两种ZSM-5沸石分子筛吸附水中氨氮的研究

考察了两种硅铝比分别为25及50的ZSM-5沸石分子筛对水中氨氮的吸附性能及影响因素.研究表明,25℃时,25H及50H型沸石的吸附平衡时间分别为10 min和35 min,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir经验模型,25 H型分子筛的饱和吸附容量较大,为7.83 mg/g,50H型分子筛为4.36 mg/g.当吸附剂投...     

活性炭吸附法处理金矿含氰废水的试验研究

研究了活性炭吸附法对金矿含氰废水的处理效果 ,结果表明 ,活性炭对水中氰化物的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式。金矿含氰废水经活性炭吸附法处理后 ,氰化物浓度可达排放标准 0 5mg/L以下 ,氰化物去除效率达 99 8%～ 99 9%。处理后CN- 浓度C<0 5mg/L时的CN- 吸咐量为 6 74mg/g～ 10 2 4mg/g活性炭 ;处理后CN- 浓度C <1/2初始浓度C0 (mg/L)时的CN- 吸咐量为12 5 0mg/g～ 2 8 92mg/g活性炭。     

粉煤灰改性吸附材料的研究

分析了粉煤灰改性的物质基础，阐述了当前改性的主要方法，在此基础上，笔者用燃烧、Na(OH)2溶液改性粉煤灰制得类沸石吸附剂的比表面积为112.6m^2／g、孔隙率为83.1％，是改性前的40.22和1.67倍。用此类沸石吸附剂来处理浓度为200mg／1的模拟含铅废水，去除率为84．87％、吸附容量为33.94mg／g，分别是改性前的31．13、3.13倍，处理效果优于市售一级活性炭。并用0.1M的HCl溶液和饱和NaCl溶液再生此吸附剂，解吸率达到了98％以上，此再生的类沸石吸附剂处理含铅废水的去除率也达到了83％以上。另外也研究了用酸改性粉煤灰来处理造纸废水，并设计了工艺流程、确定了工艺参数，处理效果令人满意。最后提出了当前应用改性粉煤灰处理废水和废气中存在的问题及今后研究的重点。     

硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响

基于X射线荧光光谱法确定的4种ZSM5分子筛硅铝比,分析了不同硅铝比分子筛吸附氨氮性能的差异,结合扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析结果,从分子筛的骨架组成、表面形貌和晶体结构角度,考察了硅铝比对分子筛吸附氨氮性能的影响机制;并探讨了分子筛骨架脱硅对其吸附性能的改善作用,为分子筛应用于污水厂尾水深度脱氮提供技术参考.结果表明,不同硅铝比分子筛的表面形貌、晶体结构与吸附氨氮性能具有显著差异：随着分子筛硅铝比增加,其结晶度下降、晶粒形态逐渐模糊、吸附容量降低;当实际硅铝比由35增大至237时,氨氮平衡吸附量由5.65mg/g降至0.41mg/g,由Langmuir吸附等温式确定的饱和吸附量由6.5963mg/g下降至0.4430mg/g.分子筛吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率受离子交换化学吸附作用机理控制,随着硅铝比升高分子筛的离子交换容量下降,其吸附速率降低.分子筛骨架脱硅能够显著改善其氨氮吸附性能,硅铝比为35的分子筛经碱蚀脱硅处理后,其氨氮平衡吸附量提高81.6%,该方法为改善分子筛吸附性能提供了一种有效的技术途径.     

柚子皮吸附去除水中的六价铬和砷

以生物质废弃物柚子皮为主要原料,将新鲜柚子皮经过烘干粉碎后用于吸附去除水中的六价铬和砷。研究显示柚子皮含有大量纤维状物质,存在大量微细孔道,比表面积大,具有一定的吸附能力,可用于吸附去除水中的六价铬和砷。当水中六价铬和砷离子浓度为1~10 mg/L,吸附反应时间为10 min,柚子皮的投加量为15 g/L,吸附反应温度50℃,水中六价铬和砷的去除率分别可达91.87%和60.57%,单位吸附量q最大值分别为0.63 mg/g和0.41 mg/g。吸附过程可以用Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式描述。研究表明柚子皮有一定的酸碱缓冲能力,可自动调节废水p H值,操作简单,无二次污染,考虑用作低浓度含六价铬和砷废水的处理,有利于生物质废弃物的资源化利用。     

硼泥吸附水中酚的研究

经加热活化处理的硼泥,用于处理50mg/L的含酚废水,加入量为1％时,最佳吸附酚的pH为2～4,去除率为32％;加入量为5％时,去除率最好可达60％。吸附平衡浓度与吸附量关系符合Lanmuir吸附等温式,其20.0、25.0、30.0℃时的饱和吸附量分别为3.25、2.50、1.75mg/g,其吸附速度符合鲛岛吸附动力学方程。通过活性硼泥的红外光谱和Ｘ射线衍射图,探讨了吸附机理。     

PAN—ACF吸附洗车废水的实验研究

实验以洗车废水为研究对象,研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（PAN—ACF）去除水中LAS的效果,考察了PAN—ACF的用量、时间、温度以及pH对吸附效果的影响。模拟废水和实际洗车废水的实验研究表明：当废水中LAS浓度为10mg／L时,在处理最佳时间为5min、最佳用量为0．5g/L、常温弱酸性的条件下,LAS的去除率能达到92％以上。此外PAN—ACF对废水中的CODcr及NH3-N也能有效地去除,用NaOH溶液再生后对LAS吸附性更好。     

沉淀—树脂吸附法处理对氨基偶氮苯盐酸盐生产废水的研究

对氨基偶氮苯盐酸盐（ＰＡＢＳ）是生产染料的重要中间体。在ＰＡＢＳ生产过程中，排放出高浓度（ＣＯＤ４万～８万ｍｇ／Ｌ）、高色度（４万～８万）、高毒性（含苯胺和对氨基偶氮苯）和高氯（Ｃｌ－４万～１０万ｍｇ／Ｌ）的废水。利用中和沉淀—大孔吸附树脂吸附法进行了处理工艺的小试研究。结果表明，废水色度去除率达到９９９％，降到２０以下；出水中基本不含对氨基偶氮苯（ＰＡＢ）；出水中苯胺的浓度降到３ｍｇ／Ｌ。ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析的结果表明，乙醇脱附液中苯胺是最主要的有机物，所以利用该工艺能实现苯胺的回收。     

实验室废水中锌离子处理技术研究

通过中和沉淀法和吸附法分别处理模拟锌离子废水,考察了碱用量、锌离子初始浓度以及分子筛用量对处理效果的影响,采用红外光谱表征了使用前后的分子筛。并在最佳碱用量和分子筛投加量条件下,采用中和沉淀-吸附法联合处理化学反应焓变测定过程中产生的实验室废水。结果表明:当n(OH-)/n(Zn~(2+))为2时,中和沉淀法处理模拟锌离子废水的效果最好,出水pH为6.8;当Zn~(2+)初始浓度为10～40 mg/L且分子筛投加量为50 g/L时,剩余Zn~(2+)浓度降低为1.0～3.0 mg/L,分子筛质量损失率为0.5%～3.8%;溶液中的Zn~(2+)进入了分子筛内部并形成了新的化学键;中和沉淀-吸附工艺在最优条件下的出水中的Zn~(2+)浓度、Cu~(2+)浓度、pH值分别为2.4mg/L、0.2 mg/L和6.8,满足GB 8978—1996二级排放标准。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.