四环素类抗生素污染畜禽粪便的厌氧消化特征

应用间歇试验研究了外源添加四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC)的猪粪中温(35℃)厌氧消化特征及抗生素的降解过程.结果表明,猪粪厌氧水解酸化过程中产生的挥发性脂肪酸以丙酸为主,乙酸次之;相比于CTC添加组,TC+CTC混合添加组对易降解有机物的水解酸化有明显的抑制作用;添加TC、CTC和TC+CTC组在45 d的消化期内累积产甲烷量分别为386.4、406.0和412.1 mL,与不添加TC和CTC的对照组(464.6 mL)相比,分别减少了16.8%、12.6%、11.3%.四环素和金霉素的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程;四环素降解的半衰期为14～18 d,金霉素为10 d.经过45 d厌氧消化处理后,四环素的降解率达88.6%～91.6%,金霉素达97.7%～98.2%.因此,畜禽粪便厌氧消化处理不仅能回收生物质能源,还能降解残留的四环素类抗生素,有效地降低抗生素污染产生的生态风险.     

Effects of chlortetracycline, Cu and their combination on the performance and microbial community dynamics in swine manure anaerobic digestion

Swine manure was typical for the combined pollution of heavy metals and antibiotics. The effects of widely used veterinary antibiotic chlortetracycline(CTC), Cu and their combination on swine manure anaerobic digestion performance and microbial community have never been investigated. Thus, four 2 L anaerobic digestion reactors were established including reactor A(control), B(CTC spiked by 0.5 g/kg dry weight, dw), C(Cu spiked by 5 g/kg dw) and D(combination of CTC, 0.5 g/kg dw, and Cu, 5 g/kg dw), and dynamics of bacterial and archaeal community structure was investigated using high throughput sequencing method. Results showed that addition of CTC and Cu separately could increase the total biogas production by21.6% and 15.8%, respectively, while combination of CTC and Cu severely inhibited anaerobic digestion(by 30.3%). Furthermore, corresponding to different stages and reactors, four kinds of microbes including bacteria and archaea were described in detail, and the effects of CTC, Cu and their combination mainly occurred at hydrolysis and acidification phases. The addition of Cu alone changed the dynamics of archaeal community significantly. It was genus Methanomassiliicoccus that dominated at the active methane production for A, B and D, while it was genus Methanobrevibacter and Methanoculleus for C.     

典型兽用抗生素对猪粪厌氧消化产甲烷效率及微生物代谢产物的影响

为明晰猪粪厌氧消化过程中抗生素对于反应体系的影响,对3种典型抗生素处理组下猪粪厌氧消化产气潜能、代谢路径及产物进行研究。四环素和磺胺嘧啶处理组的甲烷回收潜能更高,四环素处理组的最大累积甲烷产量可达到60.92~67.00 mL/g TS,磺胺嘧啶处理组可达到55.88~62.13 mL/g TS,均高于对照组58.15 mL/g TS;而土霉素处理组的甲烷产量为42.27~50.43 mL/g TS,仅有16%~19%的COD转化为CH₄。土霉素处理下,水解过程受促进,而产甲烷过程受到抑制。3类抗生素处理均会促进厌氧消化系统中厌氧微生物对溶解性蛋白质的转化,而抑制溶解性多糖的转化;进一步对发酵液中的溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)成分进行分析,发现土霉素处理组中富里酸和腐植酸类代谢产物相对于其他组更少。结果表明:不同种类抗生素对于厌氧发酵系统中厌氧微生物代谢降解产物与路径产生较大影响,进而影响有机物的能源转化及污染物处理效率。     

畜禽粪便生物处理与土地利用全过程中抗生素和重金属抗性基因的赋存与转归特征研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance gene,ARG)在全球范围内的传播已引起国际上的广泛关注.越来越多的证据显示抗生素和重金属对抗生素抗性基因在环境中的分布和传播起到了重要作用.畜禽粪便是环境中抗生素和重金属的主要污染源之一,并已成为抗生素抗性基因重要的蓄积库.生物处理(如厌氧发酵和好氧堆肥)和土地利用是畜禽粪便广泛应用的处理与处置方式.本文通过文献调研,综述国内外抗生素抗性基因和重金属抗性基因在畜禽粪便生物处理及土地利用全过程中的传播、分布及控制的研究进展,并对今后的研究重点和方向提出建议和展望,以期为我国畜禽养殖粪便的风险控制和资源化利用提供借鉴.针对畜禽粪便处理处置全过程中抗性基因的削减与控制,我们建议在以下方面开展深入研究:1抗生素抗性基因和重金属抗性基因在全过程中的赋存与转归特征;2生物处理工艺操作参数对畜禽粪便中抗性基因分布及其削减的影响;3加强综合管理研究,源头控制抗性基因;4研发适于全过程抗性基因的协同控制关键技术等.     

多元混合物料协同促进厌氧消化产甲烷性能试验研究

为评估农牧废弃物多元物料混合厌氧发酵对产甲烷性能的协同促进作用,研究了中温（37±1）℃和固体质量分数为12%时,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆混合原料的厌氧消化产甲烷性能,最后应用修正的Gompertz方程分析甲烷生产的动力学过程.结果表明：3种物料混合厌氧发酵发生了明显的协同促进作用,协同效应作用值为34.85%~70.39%,贡献效果显著（P<0.05）;当牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS混合比例为50：20：30时,甲烷产率、累计甲烷产量和VS降解率达到最大值,分别为286.0mL/g VS、20713mL和65.6%,比单一牛粪、蔬菜废弃物以及玉米秸秆厌氧消化甲烷产量分别提高了32.9%、229.9%和82.0%.修正的Gompertz方程能较好反映物料厌氧消化产甲烷过程,拟合结果的R²均大于0.99,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS比例为50：20：30时具有最大产甲烷速率17.34mL/（d×g）和较短的迟滞时间2.97d.该研究结果可为农牧废弃物多元混合物料厌氧消化产沼气工程提供参考.     

多种抗生素对畜禽废水厌氧消化的联合抑制

为研究各种抗生素组合对猪场废水厌氧发酵的影响以及各种抗生素之间的相互作用关系,根据正交试验方案,通过分批培养,对阿莫西林、金霉素、磺胺二甲基氧、氟苯尼考4种抗生素的联合抑制作用进行了研究.结果表明,阿莫西林210 mg/L、金霉素10 mg/L、磺胺二甲基氧210 mg/L、氟苯尼考130 mg/L的组合对产甲烷的抑制率为87.8%,而4种抗生素浓度均为10mg/L的组合对产甲烷速率不但没有抑制影响,反而有促进作用.4种抗生素对产甲烷抑制作用的显著性依次为:金霉素阿莫西林氟苯尼考磺胺二甲基氧.4种抗生素两两之间呈现不同的互作类型,除氟苯尼考和磺胺二甲基氧、氟苯尼考和阿莫西林呈现相关加关系外,其余2种抗生素之间均表现为拮抗关系.     

镍对厌氧消化过程的抑制作用研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器,以酒糟废水为基质,在相同条件的不同反应器中每日加入不同浓度的镍离子（以硝酸镍形式加入）,研究不同浓度的镍离子对厌氧体系的抑制作用,以及体系中溶解态的镍离子含量与抑制程度的关系。结果表明,日加入镍量低于３６．４ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系无影响;在４０－６０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,产生轻微的抑制;超过８０ｍｇ／Ｌ时,对体系造成严重的抑制。当体系中溶解态镍离子浓度低于２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ时,体系不受影响。厌     

零价铁在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的应用研究进展

厌氧消化是一种可实现有机固废资源化的生物处理技术,目前主要存在产酸、产甲烷效率低下等问题。研究表明:零价铁（Fe0）的添加可有效提升有机固废厌氧消化性能。从Fe0对有机固废产酸、产甲烷效率的影响,以及Fe0与其他添加剂联合运用的效果等方面,综述Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的应用。Fe0对有机固废厌氧消化性能影响的作用机制主要包括降低系统氧化还原电位,腐蚀析氢作用,影响微生物群落,影响关键酶活性。此外,以硫化物、抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）为例,阐述了Fe0对有机固废厌氧消化过程中污染物的去除作用。指出Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化应用过程中存在的问题及挑战,并对未来Fe0在有机固废厌氧消化过程中的深入研究问题做出了展望。     

水热预处理强化牛粪厌氧消化及其机理

为解决禽畜废物在厌氧条件下产甲烷性差的问题,采用水热法预处理+中温厌氧消化改良法考察了水热法预处理强化牛粪厌氧消化性能的效果,并进一步通过分析预处理前后牛粪化学组分、元素组成和化学结构变化以探究其强化机制.结果表明:一定强度的水热预处理能提高牛粪的厌氧产甲烷性能,过高的预处理强度(R₀)反而抑制了产甲烷率.在水热预处理温度为70℃、时间为4 320 min时(R₀为3.27),牛粪获得最大甲烷产量(以VS计)176.36 mL/g,比未预处理组(145.76 mL/g)提高了21.00%,乙酸浓度提高了65.69%,木质素去除率达到11.50%,可知有机组分的降解和木质素的移除是牛粪厌氧产甲烷性能提高的主要原因.元素分析发现,预处理后牛粪O/C〔w(O)/w(C)〕得到提高,表示糖类化合物增多;同时红外光谱分析结果显示,R₀过大时,木质素中芳环骨架的CC作用会增强,类木质素物质增多,导致牛粪产甲烷性能降低.研究显示,水热预处理能够有效增强畜禽废物的降解能力,促进牛粪产甲烷性能的提升.      

我国工业危险废物的来源、处理及监管对策与建议

通过大量环境统计数据的分析,对我国工业危险废物的产生、综合利用、处置和贮存,从行业来源、区域分布进行了分析和总结。结合我国工业危险废物企业自建设施和政府集中处理设施处理情况,对我国工业危险废物的处理和环保监管对策提出了若干建议。     

膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

接种对厌氧消化产气的影响研究进展

厌氧消化是一种高效的废物处理方法,接种是影响厌氧消化能否成功启动的重要因素。文章从接种物的种类、接种量两方面讨论了接种对厌氧消化产气的影响,包括对厌氧产气量、产气速率和产甲烷速率的影响,指出以猪粪为底物时,一定接种量范围内,厌氧消化的产气率和甲烷产率随接种量的增加而增大,而当接种量过大时,产气率和甲烷产率反而随着接种量的增大而减小。最后,对接种对厌氧消化影响的研究作了展望。     

外加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对猪粪厌氧发酵的促进机制

为有效缩短有机物厌氧发酵限制阶段的反应时间,提高发酵底物的生物产甲烷效率,以猪粪为发酵底物,添加外源纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶,应用一级动力学模型和Gompertz模型拟合厌氧发酵过程.结果表明:适量添加纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对厌氧发酵系统的水解反应具有积极的促进作用,当两种酶的总添加量为40 mg/g、纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时促进作用最为显著,其多糖浓度、TVFAs（乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的统称）浓度峰值、累积沼气产气量、甲烷产率（基于猪粪中挥发性固体含量计算）分别为4 494 mg/L、8 666 mg/L、187 688 mL、392.1 mL/g,与CK（对照）组比分别提高了171.0%、23.3%、23.5%、24.3%.相关性分析表明,外源酶的添加对厌氧发酵系统中微生物可利用的C/N具有显著影响,可有效促进TVFAs转化产甲烷,当纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶配比为1:3时,厌氧发酵过程具有最大反应速率〔32.95 mL/（g·d）〕,与CK组相比水力停留时间（HRT）缩短了2.5 d,生物产甲烷效率提高了24.3%,厌氧发酵过程符合Gompertz模型（R2=0.999 2）.研究显示,纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶对促进猪粪厌氧发酵有协同作用,当α-淀粉酶添加量不超过30 mg/g时,α-淀粉酶添加量与甲烷产率呈正相关;当纤维素酶添加量超过10 mg/g时,纤维系酶添加量与甲烷产率呈负相关.      

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.     

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

Structure and activity of thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities exposed to quaternary ammonium sanitizer

Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary.     

生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化性能研究

为探究生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化产甲烷的较优添加比例,在发酵温度[（35±1）℃]、接种率30%的条件下,进行了以鸡粪为底物,生物炭为外源添加剂的厌氧消化试验,研究生物炭不同添加量（20%、15%、10%、5%和不添加）对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响,确定了生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化的较优添加比例;同时,用扫描电子显微镜对厌氧消化前后生物炭颗粒和附着在生物炭颗粒上的微生物进行了观察.结果表明：生物炭的添加提高了鸡粪单位VS产甲烷量,添加20%、15%、10%和5%生物炭的处理鸡粪VS产甲烷量分别为223mL/g、228mL/g、230mL/g和281mL/g,均高于对照组的202mL/g;添加生物炭提高了产气中的甲烷含量,降低了二氧化碳和硫化氢含量,提高了沼气品质;电镜扫描结果表明,厌氧消化后生物炭表面及内部附着了大量厌氧微生物,主要为杆菌、微粒菌和球菌;本研究中,生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化最优的添加比例约为5%.     

Methane emissions during storage of di erent treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people, animals and environment. In general, the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals, temperature, manure characteristics and so on. This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with di erent piling treatments. Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30, 45, 60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm. Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009. Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values. Subsequently, all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner. There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap. However, regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

超声波预处理对牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵特性的影响

为了探索超声波预处理提高厌氧发酵产气量的机理、优化超声波预处理工艺及分析超声波预处理的能量效益,利用因子分析法和通径分析研究不同发酵阶段各环境因子对发酵过程的影响,以及发酵初始环境与甲烷产量之间的关系.同时,用响应面优化法优化超声波预处理工艺,并且分析了超声波预处理的能量效益.结果表明,在40 k Hz和0.20 k W下,适宜的超声波预处理能显著提高厌氧发酵总产气量(p0.05),牛粪预处理17.68 min后与玉米秸秆预处理19.94 min混合发酵,甲烷产量最高为177.20 L·kg-1(以TS计),显著高于CK(未经预处理组,p0.05),其能量效益也最高,为1835.14 k J·kg-1(以TS计).超声波预处理通过改变发酵初始环境之间的相互关系和发酵过程环境的主要影响因素来使发酵系统更加稳定从而提高产气量.超声波预处理是一种能量输入的预处理方式,产气量高于CK处理组,但其能量效益不一定大于零.因此,在优化超声波预处理条件时必须对其能量效益进行分析.研究结果能为超声波预处理条件的优化方式提供理论依据.