Application of face-graph in heavy metal pollutionassessment in river sediment

Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｆａｃｅ－ｇｒａｐｈｉｎｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｉｎｒｉｖｅｒｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔＪｉａＺｈｅｎｂａｎｇ；ＺｈａｏＺｈｉｊｉｅ（ＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ，ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓ...     

钙和钙离子通道阻断剂对丛枝菌根真菌吸收镉的影响

本试验以三叶草(Trifolium repense L.)为宿主植物,Glomusintra radices为供试菌种,通过分室系统将外生菌丝与植物根系分隔开,并对菌丝室加以不同含量水平的Ca2+、Cd2+和Ca2+通道阻断剂(Verapamil、LaCl3)进行处理,研究在菌丝吸收过程中Cd2+与Ca2+以及Ca2+通道之间的关系.试验结果表明,高Cd2+和LaCl3处理可促进菌丝发育;高Cd2+和Verapamil、LaCl3处理不同程度地降低了菌丝对Ca2+的吸收;高Ca2+和LaCl3处理则可提高菌丝对Cd2+的吸收.根据本试验结果可以认为,Cd2+在菌丝上的跨膜转运不是通过Ca2+通道完成,而且高Ca2+水平有利于Cd2+被菌丝吸收.     

矿业废弃地不同生态修复模式下植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征

为了筛选出适合矿业废弃地复垦生态修复的植物材料,通过在排土场布设生态修复试验,开展不同生态修复模式对植物多样性及重金属富集迁移特征影响的研究.结果 表明,不同生态修复模式下共出现存活植物8科10种,多为草本植物,乔灌草小区修复效果最佳,植物覆盖度达到100％,存活率超过69％,植物群落多样性指数表现为:乔灌草＞灌草＞乔...     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

基于N：P化学计量特征的高寒草甸植物养分状况研究

土壤养分条件影响不同功能群植物的养分状况与生长,这在施肥实验中已得到充分验证.然而,自然养分梯度下植物-土壤养分耦合关系的研究仍然缺乏.基于植物N∶P化学计量学特征,本研究探讨青藏高原亚高寒草甸自然养分梯度下不同功能群植物氮状况及生物量变化.2008年、2009年N∶P比值分别为9.83和11.57,其低群落N∶P比验证了该地区自然植被主要受到N素的限制.偏冗余分析(partial RDA)结果显示,随着土壤氮素可利用性的增加杂草生物量比例上升,而豆科、禾草生物量比例下降.豆科的固氮作用以及禾草的高养分利用效率分别提高其在氮限制植被中的竞争力;这些结果表明,全球氮沉降的增加将提高杂草的优势度.豆科生物量比例与群落、非豆科植物的N∶P显著正相关,表明豆科植物能够改善群落的氮状况,包括降低非豆科植物的氮限制水平.     

Degradation of Populus euphratica community in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China

IntroductionRiparian systems are aquatic-terrestrial ecotones withunique biotic , biophysical and landscape characteristics(Gregory, 1991 ; Naiman, 1997 ; Wiens , 2002) and areshaped by fluvial geomorphic processes . Riparian plantcommunities perform an i…     

Rhizophagus irregularis influences As and P uptake by alfafa and the neighboring non-host pepperweed growing in an As-contaminated soil

It was documented that arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi(AMF) play an important role in protecting host plants against arsenic(As) contamination. However, most terrestrial ecosystems contain a considerable number of nonmycorrhizal plants. So far little information is available for the interaction of such non-host plants with AMF under As contaminations. By using a dual compartment cultivation system with a plastic board or a nylon mesh separating roots of non-host pepperweed from roots of the AM-host alfafa plants, avoiding direct root competition, the two plant species were grown separately or partially separated(with rhizosphere effects) in the presence or absence of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis in As-contaminated soil. The results indicated that mycorrhiza caused phosphorus(P) concentration decrease in the non-host pepperweed, but promoted the P concentration of the AM host alfafa. Mycorrhiza is potentially helpful for non-host pepperweed to adapt to As contamination by decreasing root As concentration and showing no suppressing effect on biomass production. The study provides further evidence for the protective effects of AMF on non-host plants against As contamination, and improved our understanding of the potential role of AMF for non-host plant adaptation to As contaminated soils.     

固废基土壤调理剂的制备及其矿区生态修复效果

我国煤矸石产量大,利用率偏低,大量堆积没有得到合理利用,造成了土地资源浪费和严重的环境污染。以煤矸石为主要原料,通过添加铝粉发泡养护得到多孔材料,再将其与废弃有机质以及含碳辅料发酵制成固废基土壤调理剂。对比探究喷播固废基土壤调理剂(SWSC)、丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和固废基土壤调理剂耦合菌根真菌(SWSC+AMF)的土壤理化性质以及对矿区典型植物生长的影响,研究不同处理下植物中重金属的累积量。结果表明:固废基土壤调理剂的优选配方为:当煤矸石和水泥掺比为85%∶15%时,制备的多孔材料性能最优;优选鸡粪和风化煤作为有机质和含碳辅料;当多孔颗粒、鸡粪与风化煤的质量配比为4∶2∶4时,制备的固废基土壤剂调理剂最优。对土壤调理剂的制备及应用全流程进行重金属安全性评价,重金属含量均低于国家标准中重金属的限定值。喷播SWSC+AMF的土壤中有机质含量为35.24 mg/kg,速效钾含量为261 mg/kg,有效磷含量为278 mg/kg,碱性磷酸酶含量可达到293.07 mg/kg,且喷播SWSC+AMF对披碱草的株高和根长生成具有促进作用,可有效减少对披碱草中重金属Cd、Pb、Ni的累积,同时对改善土壤结构,提升土壤肥力方面有积极作用。     

某市工业源重金属污染源评价

针对某市工业源废水中6种重金属污染物产生现状,利用全国第一次污染源普查云南省数据,用等标污染负荷法计算出各种重金属污染负荷和负荷比,及每个工厂(地区)总的重金属污染负荷和负荷比,对某市工业废水重金属污染源进行评价,利用ARCGIS对该区域重金属产生量进行分析,明确重金属污染源空间分布规律,画出有重金属产生的企业的分布图,各种重金属产生空间分布图,和某市各乡镇的污染负荷等级图。结果表明该地区重金属污染源污染负荷的大小排列顺序是砷>汞>铅>六价铬>铬>镉。各企业的重金属源总污染负荷大小为化工厂>盐化昆明盐矿>盐化厂分厂>蓄电池厂>金属原料加工厂>电源厂>材料厂>废旧电瓶场>铸件厂。某市各镇的重金属污染源污染负荷大小排序为B镇>G镇>D镇>E镇。     

Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd

Fungi and their symbionts can alleviate heavy metal stress by exuding soluble proteins and enzymes. This study examined the role of soluble protein and acid phosphatase (APase) exuded by Xerocomus chrysenteron, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and the seedlings of its symbiont, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), under conditions of excessive Cu and Cd. The growth type showed that this poorly studied ectomycorrhizal fungus was capable of tolerating high concentrations of Cu, and may be useful in phytoremediation. X. chrysenteron grew well at 80 mg/L Cu, and the EC50 for Cd was 17.82 mg/L. X. chrysenteron also showed enhanced exudation of soluble protein in both isolated and inoculated cultivations under the influence of Cu and Cd. Soluble protein exudation, however, di ered under Cu and Cd stress in isolates. In mediums containing Cu, soluble protein exudation increased with concentration, but in mediums containing Cd the content of soluble protein increased to a comparable level at all concentrations. This study demonstrated that soluble protein was related to heavy metal tolerance, although the di erent ions played di erent roles. While APase activity in exudates of fungi and seedlings decreased under Cu and Cd stress in comparison to the control, the APase activity in seedlings was maintained by inoculation. Thus, X. chrysenteron facilitated the ability of plant to maintain a normal nutrient uptake, and therefore to protect it from heavy metal toxicity.     

The molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the arsenic mining impacted sites in Hunan Province of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can establish a mutualistic association with most terrestrial plants even in heavy metal contaminated environments. It has been documented that high concentrations of toxic metals, such as arsenic(As) in soil could adversely affect the diversity and function of AMF. However, there are still gaps in understanding the community composition of AMF under long-term As contaminations. In the present study, six sampling sites with different As concentrations were selected in the Realgar mining area in Hunan Province of China. The AMF biodiversity in the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was investigated by sequencing the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA(SSU rR NA) gene fragments using 454-pyrosequencing technique. A total of 11 AMF genera were identified,namely Rhizophagus, Glomus, Funneliformis, Acaulospora, Diversispora, Claroideoglomus, Scutellopora,Gigaspora, Ambispora, Praglomus, and Archaeospora, among which Glomus, Rhizophagus, and Claroideoglomus clarodeum were detected in all sampling sites, and Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the Realgar mining area. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil pH, total As and Cd concentrations were the main factors influencing AMF community structure. There was a negative correlation between the AMF species richness and the total As concentration in the soil,but no significant correlation between the Shannon–Wiener index of the AMF and plants. Our study showed that high As concentrations can exert a selective effect on the AMF populations.     

湘西铅锌矿区重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属累积特征

矿区土壤重金属污染在中国乃至全世界都是一个普遍的问题。采用现场采样、室内分析的方法,调查研究了湘西花垣铅锌矿区土壤及优势植物重金属含量,采用污染指数法和富集系数法对该矿区土壤和优势植物重金属含量进行了评价。结果表明,该矿区土壤主要受到Pb、Zn、Cd三种重金属污染。其中,Pb以轻-中度污染为主,Zn以中度污染为主,Cd以重污染为主。优势植物重金属含量测定表明,不同植物对重金属的吸收和累积特征不同,油茶属于金属富集型植物,毛萼莓、芒属于根部囤积型植物,飞龙掌血属于金属规避型植物。以上几种优势植物对重金属均具有一定的耐性,可以作为铅锌矿区弃地植物修复的优选物种。     

Genomic analyses of metal resistance genes in three plant growth promoting bacteria of legume plants in Northwest mine tailings, China

To better understand the diversity of metal resistance genetic determinant from microbes that survived atmetal tailings in northwest of China, a highly elevated level of heavymetal containing region, genomic analyses was conducted using genome sequence of three native metal-resistant plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). It shows that: Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 contains metal transporters from P-type ATPase, CDF (Cation Diffusion Facilitator), HupE/UreJ and CHR (chromate ion transporter) family involved in copper, zinc, nickel as well as chromate resistance and homeostasis. Meanwhile, the putative CopA/CueO system is expected to mediate copper resistance in Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 while ZntA transporter, assisted with putative CzcD, determines zinc tolerance in Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286. The greenhouse experiment provides the consistent evidence of the plant growth promoting effects of these microbes on their hosts by nitrogen fixation and/or indoleacetic acid (IAA) secretion, indicating a potential in-site phytoremediation usage in themining tailing regions of China.     

锰尾矿区有机菌肥-速生树种的生态修复效应

在锰尾矿区建立了4.5hm²生态修复工程区，以速生树种泡桐（Paulownia tomentosa）和栾树（Koelreuteriapaniclata）作为建群植物，采用有机菌肥改良其根际环境，利用土壤库存耐性植物种子的自然萌发力来丰富物种多样性.结果表明，工程实施后第6a，有机菌肥处理植物群落干物质生物总量达到33498.7kg/hm²，Mn吸收积累量达到5532.6g/hm²，植物种类数达到51种，分别为无机化肥对照的22.8、2.6和3.4倍；有机菌肥处理的植物群落Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的总积累量、根际微生物种类及其数量也显著大于对照.有机菌肥的改良机制可归结于其与植物根系、根际微生物对基质的共同作用.有机菌肥处理区泡桐和栾树的总株数不到该区植物总株数的0.2%，但其干物质生物量、锰吸收量与盖度分别为该区的88%、73%和55.2%.速生树种泡桐和栾树对该区生态修复起到了"主导"作用.     

滇西北与滇东南干热河谷植物群落物种多样性研究

环境变迁下生物多样性格局形成及维持机制研究是生物多样性研究的核心科学问题之一. 滇西北和滇东南两地曾在地质历史上具有相似森林植被,随着板块运移,两地出现明显环境区化,植被类型亦产生巨大变化,仅在两地干热河谷生长着相似外貌和类型的植物群落,而其物种组成和生物多样性格局有何异同尚不清晰. 该研究分别在怒江和元江干热河谷设置100 km样带,每间隔4 km布设样地,对其植被进行群落学调查. 通过计算两地不同生活型植物重要值、Alpha及Beta多样性指标,拟阐明起源相近、外貌相似的两地植被在环境变迁后群落物种组成及生物多样性的变化规律. 结果表明:①滇西北干热河谷共调查到维管植物125种(51科104属),滇东南干热河谷共调查到114种维管植物(44科102属). 滇西北乔木和灌木物种丰富度均略高于滇东南,草本反之. 滇西北乔木多度极显著高于滇东南(P<0.01),灌木多度未出现显著性差异,草本多度滇东南显著高于滇西北(P<0.05). ②从科水平分析,滇西北和滇东南乔木和草本优势科组成种类相似,但灌木优势科组成种类差异性较大. 从种水平分析发现,两地乔木优势种种类差异较大,而灌木和草本组成相似. ③滇西北植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数均略低于滇东南,但无显著性差异,而Pielou指数显著低于滇东南(P<0.05). 滇西北干热河谷植物群落中优势种单一,物种分布具有聚集性;滇东南植物群落物种分布较均匀,物种多样性丰富. ④两地植物群落之间相异性系数较高,处于极不相似水平,群落间生境差异性较大,不同生活型植物Beta多样性差异极显著(P<0.001),其中以灌木物种组成的相异性最大. 研究显示,起源相近、外貌相似的滇西北与滇东南干热河谷的植物群落物种组成存在明显差异,Alpha多样性差异不明显,Beta多样性存在显著性差异,环境变迁后区域环境差异改变了植物群落结构.      

Predominance of self-compatibility in hummingbird-pollinated plants in the Neotropics

Both plant traits and plant–pollinator interactions are thought to influence plant mating systems. For hummingbird-pollinated plants, foraging strategy (territorial or traplining) is also expected to influence plant mating. We hypothesize that the traplining behavior of hermits promotes outcrossing, whereas the behavior of non-hermits favours self-incompatibility. Thus, selection is expected to maintain self-incompatibility in plants pollinated by non-hermits. We explore the incidence of self-incompatibility in Neotropical hummingbird-pollinated plants and its association with hummingbird behavior and plant traits. We conducted a literature review (56 species) and performed hand-pollination experiments in 27 hummingbird-pollinated plants in an Atlantic rainforest. We found that self-incompatibility (measured as <0.3 for the Index of Self-incompatibility [ISI]) occurred in only 33 % of the Neotropical hummingbird-pollinated plants. The interaction of hummingbird and habit type affected ISI, as did phylogenetic relationships. Specifically, herbs pollinated by non-hermits had higher ISI than woody plants pollinated by non-hermits, and herbs pollinated by both hermits and non-hermits. For the Atlantic rainforest plant guild, 30 % of the species were self-incompatible. ISI was higher in herbs than in woody species and increased with plant aggregation but was not dependent on foraging behavior, plant density, or floral display. Although hummingbirds differ in their foraging strategies, these behavioral differences seem to have only a minor influence on the incidence of self-incompatibility. Phylogenetic relatedness seems to be the strongest determinant of mating system in Neotropical hummingbird-pollinated plants.     

Heavy metal accumulation by panicled goldenrain tree （Koelreuteria paniculata） and common elaeocarpus （Elaeocarpus decipens） in abandoned mine soils in southern China

Phytoremediation can be used as a sustainable technology for mine spoil remediation to remove heavy metals. This study investigated the concentration of 7 heavy metal contamination in soil and plant samples at an abandoned mine site. We found that, after vegetation remediation at the abandoned mine site, the reduction rates for 7 heavy metals were in the range of 4.2%–86%, where reduction rates over 50% were achieved for four heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni). Transfer coe cients of the panicled goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm) and the common elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus decipens) for Zn, Mn, Ni, and Co were more than 1. Enrichment coe cients of both trees for Mn were higher than 1. Our results suggest that the panicled goldenrain tree and the common elaeocarpus tree may act as accumulators in remediation. Moreover, the woody vegetation remediation in abandoned mining areas play an important role in improving scenery besides removing heavy metal from contaminated soil.     

Effects of plant species coexistence on soil enzyme activities and soil microbial community structure under Cd and Pb combined pollution

The relationship between plant species coexistence and soil microbial communities under heavy metal pollution has attracted much attention in ecology. However, whether plant species coexistence could o set the impacts of heavy metal combined pollution on soil microbial community structure and soil enzymes activities is not well studied. The modified ecological dose model and PCR-RAPD method were used to assess the e ects of two plant species coexistence on soil microbial community and enzymes activities subjected to Cd and Pb combined stress. The results indicated that monoculture and mixed culture would increased microbe populations under Cd and Pb combined stress, and the order of sensitivity of microbial community responding to heavy metal stress was: actinomycetes > bacteria > fungi. The respirations were significantly higher in planted soil than that in unplanted soil. The plant species coexistence could enhance soil enzyme activities under Cd and Pb combined. Furthermore, planted soil would be helpful to enhance soil genetic polymorphisms, but Cd and Pb pollution would cause a decrease on soil genetic polymorphisms. Mixed culture would increase the ecological dose 50% (ED50) values, and the ED50 values for soil enzyme activities decreased with increasing culture time. The dehydrogenase was most sensitive to metal addition and easily loses activity under low dose of heavy metal. However, it was di cult to fully inhibit the phoshpatase activity, and urease responded similarly with phosphatase.