折流式人工湿地处理校园生活污水试验研究

为解决传统人工湿地运行过程中存在的短路问题,本研究设计了折流式人工湿地污水处理系统,并将其应用于校园生活污水处理的试验研究。为期18个月的试验研究结果表明,系统的最佳水力停留时间（Hlit）为20h。稳定HRT=20h,24℃下折流式人工湿地对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76．40％、76．12％、65．37％;温度降至12℃时,系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别降至67．56％、62．75％、61．33％;运行过程中前6格室和整个系统的SS去除率分别为79．5％和87％。基于试验结果,阐明了折流式人工湿地处理生活污水高效稳定的机理。     

改性粉煤灰处理校园生活污水的研究

对粉煤灰进行了酸性改性和碱性改性试验，并用碱性改性粉煤灰对校园生活污水进行了室内小试和野外中试。结果表明：处理后污水中BOD5、COD、SS、NH4＋-N、TN、TP、总大肠菌群数的平均去除率分别为75．2％、68．2％、85．4％、74．3％、45．6％、53．3％、95．4％，pH值略有升高，出水能达到污水综合排放二级标准，可进行回用。     

香根草人工湿地处理生活污水的试验研究

通过建立香根草人工湿地系统,研究该系统对生活污水的COD、TP、TN的处理效果以及系统的耐污性。在水力停留时间（HRT）为6h的条件下,COD、TP、TN的去除率分别为63.5%、88.3%、72.4%。研究表明,香根草人工湿地系统对城镇生活污水具有较好的净化效果,且系统在该试验条件下耐污性良好。     

垂直潜流人工湿地处理城镇污水处理厂尾水的研究

利用人工配水模拟城镇污水处理厂尾水,采用两套垂直潜流人工湿地系统对其进行处理。结果表明:在处理负荷为36,108,216 L/d,水力停留时间为3,1,0.5 d时,两套系统均对COD具有良好的去除效果,COD平均去除率均在75%以上;种植芦苇的系统对TN去除有一定优势,其TN最高去除率能比种植空心菜的系统高出25%;两套系统对TP的去除效果无显著性差异,其去除率能达到90%左右;两套系统对COD、TN、TP的去除主要集中在系统的前1/3段,系统的后2/3段保证了出水的水质。两套系统均有较强的抗水力冲击负荷能力。     

AAO工艺在不同HRT和回流比条件下对实际污水的处理效果

以实际污水为对象,采用中试装置研究AAO工艺中不同水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比,发现:AAO系统在HRT为4~8 h、污泥回流比为0.5~1.0、混合液回流比为1~2、ρ(MLVSS)=800~1 300 mg/L时,系统脱氮除磷效果受降雨冲击影响较大,但对COD去除稳定。TN去除率随进水浓度及COD/TN的增加而增加,增大混合液回流比不能有效提高TN去除率;TP去除率受进水COD及回流液中NO_3~--N浓度影响较大。实验结果表明:低碳高氮磷污水要实现氮磷同时达标,需要适当投加碳源以及混凝剂。     

多级土壤渗漏系统处理农村生活污水

构建了多级土壤渗漏系统（MSL）以处理农村生活污水,主要研究了MSL的挂膜启动特征,进水水力负荷对MSL处理生活污水性能的影响,以及MSL运行过程中生物膜的特征.实验结果表明,采用连续进水的方式挂膜28d后,挂膜成功,MSL对生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的去除率分别达到84.5%,74.7%,66.7%,76.4%.MSL运行过程中,表现出对进水水力负荷变化较强的适应性,水力负荷为400L/（m²·d）时,生活污水中COD,氨氮,TN,TP的平均去除率分别达到93.4%,94.9%,80.4%,94.7%,系统出水水质能够满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）一级A标准.MSL对有机物和氮磷的去除途径结果表明,微生物降解和转化作用对污水中COD,氨氮,TN的去除贡献率最大,Fe³⁺与PO₄^3-的化学沉淀作用则是TP去除的主要途径.实时荧光定量PCR技术检测结果显示,生物膜中硝化功能菌占总菌群的35.5%.     

生态组合系统处理农村生活污水的研究

采用由生物浮床、生物接触氧化以及河道生态系统构成的生态组合系统处理农村生活污水,考察了其对农村生活污水的净化效果以及季节和污水停留时间(HRT)对污染物的去除效果的影响。结果表明,该组合系统对污染物具有良好的去除效果,COD,NH4+-N,TN,TP的平均去除率分别为57.68%,51.13%,52.38%和49.02%。污染物的去除率随HRT的增加而提高,4 d后变化趋于平缓,在HRT为6 d时,NH4+-N,TN,TP和COD的去除率分别达到80.36%,72.85%,60.74%和71.97%。与秋季相比,夏季时该组合系统对NH4+-N,TN,TP的去除率相对较高,但季节变化对COD去除效果的影响不大。     

A/O与人工湿地耦合处理生活污水实验研究

将A/O与人工湿地耦合研究了其对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明：耦合工艺对COD,TN,TP的去除率都较高,出水能满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级B标准（GB18918-2002）。     

厌氧段-人工湿地处理污水高效稳定机理研究

针对农村生活污水中悬浮物(SS)影响人工湿地运行稳定性问题,该研究在人工湿地前增加折流板厌氧池形成厌氧段-人工湿地污水处理系统.为期36个月的生产性试验研究结果表明,常温下厌氧段对SS的去除率约80%,整套系统对COD、TN、TP去除率分别为80.95%、85.12%、68.15%;低温下系统对COD、TN、TP去除率...     

不同进水方式人工湿地除污效率对比分析

研究了人工湿地在间歇流、连续流进水方式下处理生活污水的效率．并进行了对比分析。在平均水力负荷4.8cm／d时，间歇流和连续流人工湿地COD平均去除率分别为78％和64％；NH3-N平均去除率分别为60％和44％；TP平均去除率均为53％。结果表明，间歇流进水能够提高床体内的含氧量，缓解植物根系放氧不足．提高了污染物去除率。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.