大型丝状绿藻去除城市水体污染物质的研究

在实验室条件下,研究分析了以大型丝状绿藻为主的周丛藻类水质处理系统对城市景观河道劣Ⅴ类水质水体中污染物质的去除作用,以及其他不同胁迫条件下的水质处理效果.结果表明,该处理系统具有显著的N、P等污染物质去除效果,TP及TSS的去除率分别保持在50%和72%以上,同时PO3-4-与NH4 -N的去除率也分别可达90%和85%以上.在高污染物质浓度(TP＞3.0 mg·L-1、TN＞22.0 mg·L-1)条件下,TP平均去除率为89%,TN为45%,而低浓度污染物(TP＜0.50 mg·L-1、TN＜10.0mg·L-1)条件下,出水PO3-4浓度低于0.1 mg·L-1,NH4 -N低于2.0 mg·L-1.试验期间,大型丝状藻类生物量增长了38.78%,同时大量单细胞的蓝、绿藻类出现在水槽壁表面.出水DO浓度随着大型丝状绿藻生物量的增加而呈上升趋势.     

基于宏条形码技术的白洋淀水华藻类识别及其驱动因子分析

浮游藻类是引起水华暴发的主要原因.为筛选潜在水华藻类,评估白洋淀水华风险区域,于2020年8月对白洋淀373点位展开浮游藻类调查.利用宏条形码技术分析,解析水华藻类群落组成,同时采用显微镜计数法统计藻密度.根据总藻密度对白洋淀不同区域的水华程度进行评估,同时进一步针对水华藻类群落,耦合淀区水质条件,探究白洋淀不同区域水华藻类群落空间差异驱动因子,以甄别影响水华藻类群落结构关键环境因子.结果表明,95%以上采样区域无水华风险(藻类密度<2×10⁶个·L^-1),仅5个样点存在轻微水华风险.但水华藻类群落分析共检测到了90种水华藻类,其中优势水华藻种有20种,隶属于以绿藻门、蓝藻门和裸藻门为主.水华藻类群落结构在不同区域上具有显著空间异质性(P<0.05).关键驱动因子解析结果表明,总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)是造成水华藻类群落结构差异的关键因子.其中,门水平上,蓝藻门水华藻类与以上关键因子显著正相关;种水平上,硅藻门和绿藻门水华藻类与关键因子响应更显著.因此,水华藻类群落...     

基于厌氧氨氧化的城镇生活污水深度脱氮工艺研究

随着城镇生活污水排放标准的日益严格,现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临提标改造的挑战,较多污水处理厂采用三级脱氮工艺降低出水中氮素含量.本研究以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺作为三级脱氮工艺,构建含有生物膜和絮体污泥的UASB反应器,处理A/O（二级生化单元）出水,研究串联、分流进水以及回流等条件下系统的脱氮及有机物去除性能,并通过微生物群落分析揭示各阶段的菌群结构变化.结果表明,当UASB串联A/O时,系统出水氨氮、TN和COD分别为1.21、10.02和30.00 mg·L^-1.当进水分流比为15%时,提升了UASB的脱氮速率（从0.04升高至0.06 kg·m^-3·d^-1）,UASB分别贡献了系统TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD去除总量的23.4%、20%和20.7%,当系统出水回流到A区时,能进一步降低出水污染物浓度,NH₄⁺-N仅为1 mg·L^-1,TN为12.03 mg·L^-1.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,在A/O反应器内Proteobacteria为主要菌门,UASB内Planctomycetes门实现富集,生物膜中Planctomycetes丰度为1.93%~8.39%,厌氧氨氧化细菌（以Candidatus Kuenenia为代表）在生物膜和污泥絮体中丰度分别为0.77%~2.19%和0.01%~1.49%.本研究结果表明,基于厌氧氨氧化的三级脱氮工艺能够实现生活污水的深度脱氮,在不增加曝气与碳源投加成本的同时高效去除氨氮、总氮,可为城市生活污水处理厂改造升级提供技术支撑.     

水平潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中特征污染物的去除

为了探究水平潜流人工湿地去除畜禽养殖废水污染物的性能,选择养殖废水中常见的特征污染物抗生素——四环素(tetracycline,TC)和重金属Cu2+,构建模拟水平潜流人工湿地,设置空白处理(CK)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素(TC)、进水中外加5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(Cu)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素和5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(TC+Cu)这4组潜流人工湿地,考察人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,CK组湿地对养殖废水中总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NH:-N和 PO43-P 的去除率分别为(84.3±7.2)％、(78.6±7.0)％、(82.1±4.4)％和(88.0±6.0)％,与 CK 组相比,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地对TN的去除率分别下降了 0.4％～21.7％、2.8％～25.5％和4.3％～27.0％,对NH4+-N的去除率分别下降了 1.6％～15.7％、2.5％～17.8％和8.4％～23.0％,进水中添加TC或Cu2+对湿地TN和NH4+-N的去除有明显抑制作用.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和P043--P等污染物的去除主要发生在湿地前端.TC、Cu和TC+Cu组人工湿地对TC和Cu2+的去除率均分别在99.9％和91.4％以上.4组湿地出水中11种四环素抗性基因(tetracycline resistance genes,TRGs)绝对丰度均显著低于进水(低约2～3个数量级).CK组湿地出水tetA、tetC、tetE、tetO、tetQ、tetT和tetBp基因相对丰度均显著低于进水,这7种TRGs的去除率为43.3％(tetC)～96.3％(tetA).与CK组相比,进水中添加TC或Cu2+使湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度有所升高,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度分别比CK组高12％～52％、6.7％～51％和24％～82％.人工湿地对抗生素、重金属和抗生素抗性基因有好的去除率,是一种适宜净化畜禽养殖废水的深度处理技术.     

厌氧膜生物反应器耦联部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化用于污水处理研究

本研究构建了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）-部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（PN/Anammox）污水处理工艺,以探究AnMBR-PN/A工艺处理效果最佳的水力停留时间（HRT）.AnMBR将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合实现有机物去除,AnMBR出水NH₄⁺-N通过PN部分转化为NO₂^--N,最终通过NO₂^--N氧化剩余NH₄⁺-N去除.实验结果表明：在HRT=11.2 h时,AnMBR-PN/A工艺化学需氧量（COD）去除率稳定在97%以上,COD转化为CH₄效率超过77.5%,总氮（TN）去除率为78%,出水COD和TN浓度分别低于14和11 mg·L^-1.AnMBR段COD去除率达到95%,平均甲烷产率为0.39 L·L^-1·d^-1.PN段实现了NO₂^--N的高效积累,其出水中NO₂^-/NH₄⁺为0.91±0.11.Anammox段出水中的NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度分别低于1.0、4.9和5.1 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果表明PN段氨氧化菌主要为Nitrosomonas,丰度为7.09%,Anammox段主要微生物为Candidatus Brocadia,丰度高达21.01%.本研究构建的AnMBR-PN/A工艺实现了污水处理过程的高效能源回收和深度自养脱氮,研究成果为工程应用提供了理论支撑.     

Gaseous emissions from weaned pigs raised on different floor systems

Gaseous emissions from agriculture contribute to a number of environmental effects. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are greenhouse gases taking part to the global problem of climate change. Ammonia (NH₃) emissions are responsible of soil acidification and eutrophication and contribute also to indirect emissions of N₂O. This work evaluated the influence of the type of floor on the emissions of these gases in the raising of weaned pigs. Two trials were carried out. In the first trial, the animals were kept either on fully slatted floor or on straw-based deep litter and, in the second one, either on fully slatted floor or on sawdust-based deep litter. For each trial and on each type of floor, 2 successive batches of weaned pigs were raised without changing the litter or emptying the slurry pit between the 2 batches. The rooms were automatically ventilated to maintain a constant ambient temperature.The performance of the animals was not significantly different according to the floor type. In trial 1, the nitrogen contents of the straw deep litter (including the substrate) and slurry were respectively 276 and 389 g pig⁻¹. In trial 2, the sawdust deep litter and slurry nitrogen contents were respectively 122 and 318 g pig⁻¹.Raising pigs on straw deep litter produced proportionately around 100% more NH₃ than raising pigs on slatted floor (0.61 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.31 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.05). Differences in CO₂, H₂O and CH₄ emissions were not significant between systems. Raising pigs on sawdust deep litter produced also proportionately more NH₃ (+52%; 0.55 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.36 g NH₃-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.01) but also more CO₂ (+25%; 427 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 341 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) and H₂O (+65%; 981 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 593 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) and less CH₄ (−40%; 0.52 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ vs. 0.86 g d⁻¹ pig⁻¹; P < 0.001) than raising pigs on slatted floor. Practically no N₂O emission was observed from rooms with slatted floor while the N₂O emissions were 0.03 and 0.32 g N₂O-N d⁻¹ pig⁻¹ for the straw and sawdust deep litter respectively. The warming potential of the greenhouse gases (N₂O + CH₄), were about 22, 34 and 168 g CO₂ equivalents per day and per pig on fully slatted floor, straw or sawdust deep litter respectively.In conclusion, pollutant gas emissions from rearing of weaned pig seem lower with fully slatted plastic floor system than with deep litter systems.     

生活污水预沉淀-SNAD颗粒污泥工艺小试

采用人工配水,在SBR反应器中启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化（SNAD）颗粒污泥工艺,随后逐渐降低进水氨氮浓度,低氨氮稳定运行一段时间后通入预沉淀后生活污水,考察SNAD颗粒污泥工艺处理生活污水的脱氮性能及稳定性.结果表明,SNAD工艺启动成功后,氨氮去除率大于98%,总氮去除率在89%左右,随着进水氨氮浓度逐渐降低,亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性升高,总氮去除率逐渐下降至75%左右.通入预沉淀生活污水（NH₄⁺-N 52~63 mg·L^-1,COD 99~123 mg·L^-1）后,平均总氮去除率为73.2%,出水COD浓度在35 mg·L^-1以下,最大出水氨氮和总氮浓度为0.7 mg·L^-1和12.8 mg·L^-1,连续30d以上出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A排放标准,实现了生活污水碳氮同步高效去除的目的.     

后置短程反硝化AOA-SBR工艺实现低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷

为了解厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中,强化生物除磷(EBPR)与同步短程硝化反硝化(SPND)耦合,并后置短程反硝化的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N(≤4)城市污水为处理对象,通过优化曝气量和缺氧时间,实现了低C/N城市污水的深度脱氮除磷.结果表明,当好氧段曝气量由1.0 L·min-1降至0.6 L·min-1,缺氧时间为180 min时,出水PO3-4-P浓度由0.06 mg·L~(-1)降至0,出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度分别由0.18、18.79和0.08 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0、16.46和0.05 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率由72.69%提高至77.97%;随着曝气量的降低,SPND现象愈加明显,SND率由19.18%提高至31.20%;此后,当缺氧段时间由180 min逐渐延长至420 min,出水PO3-4-P、NH+4-N和NO-3-N浓度分别维持在0、0和0.03 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NO-2-N低至3.06 mg·L~(-1),SND率达32.21%,TN去除性能逐渐提高,TN去除率高达99.42%,实现了系统的深度脱氮除磷.     

松花江干流2014~2019年夏季着生藻类群落结构特征及其对环境因子的响应

着生藻类的群落特征常被用作评价水生态环境质量的重要指标.通过对2014~2019年夏季松花江干流着生藻类的群落结构特征及其对环境因子的响应关系分析,对松花江干流的水生态环境质量状况及变化趋势进行探讨.结果表明,2014~2019年夏季松花江干流共鉴定着生藻类4门和58属.其中硅藻门28属、绿藻门17属,蓝藻门10属和裸藻门3属.流域主要组成物种为硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门,分别占总数48.28%、29.31%和17.24%.着生藻类细胞密度平均值为4.35×10⁴ ind·cm^-3,变化范围在1.29×10⁴~8.42×10⁴ ind·cm^-3之间,优势属主要为硅藻门小环藻属（Cyclotella）、直链藻属（Melosira）、星杆藻属（Asterionella）、桥弯藻属（Cymbella）、针杆藻属（Synedra）、羽纹藻属（Pinnularia）、舟形藻属（Navicula）和绿藻门的栅藻属（Scenedesmus）等.分析松花江干流水环境质量演变趋势,溶解氧含量逐年升高,氨氮、总磷和总氮含量呈先升高后下降趋势,2019年水体改善效果显著.运用冗余分析（RDA）探究着生藻类与环境因子间的变化关系,发现驱动松花江干流着生藻类群落结构演替的主要环境因子随时间推移而有所变化,溶解氧、氨氮、总氮、总磷和生化需氧量等指标是这一区域着生藻类种类分布的重要环境影响因子.     

Methane emissions and related physicochemical soil and water parameters in rice–fish systems in Bangladesh

Lowland rice fields constitute a semi aquatic environment, which is potentially suitable for fish production. Little is known about the effect of fish on greenhouse gas emissions from integrated rice–fish systems. An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the effect of the stocking of fish on methane emissions from rice fields. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were stocked in a mixed culture and subjected to three different input regimes: (1) urea fertilization according to the recommendation of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), (2) supplementary feeding at 2 × maintenance level and (3) an elevated feeding schedule where 4 × maintenance level was fed initially and 2 × maintenance level towards the end of the growth period. Rice only with urea fertilization according to BRRI-recommendation was included as the control. The presence of fish increased methane emissions in all three rice–fish treatments. Average emission over the cropping season was 34, 37, and 32 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the rice–fish treatments, respectively, and 20 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in rice only. Apart from an increase in methane emission, a significant drop (p < 0.05) in floodwater pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the rice–fish plots. Both parameters were the lowest in the treatment where a higher feeding rate was provided. Due to the fish activity, floodwater in the rice–fish treatments was more turbid, as reflected in higher particulate inorganic matter (PIOM). An elevated level of dissolved methane was observed in the floodwater of the feed supplemented rice–fish plots. Methane emissions showed negative correlation with morning and afternoon pH of the floodwater (r = −0.46; r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen level (r = −0.53; r = −0.46, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were recorded between morning and afternoon floodwater temperature (r = 0.49; r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and with air temperature (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the stocking of fish has an increasing effect on methane emissions from rice fields.     

完全混合式曝气系统运行特性及微生物群落结构解析

利用某污水处理厂完全混合式曝气系统处理生活污水,探讨了系统同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程,解析了系统中污泥微生物群落结构.中试试验结果表明,系统运行稳定,且在无外加碳源的条件下,COD、氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别为93.2%、96.9%和75.2%,出水COD、氨氮和总氮均优于一级A排放标准.系统污泥具有较强的反硝化能力,其脱氮速率是污水处理厂污泥的2.86倍以上.通过对系统污泥周质硝酸盐还原酶聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增和高通量测序结果,发现系统中存在好氧反硝化菌,污泥中优势菌为动胶菌属(Zoogloea)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和Dechloromonas菌属.     

新型填料A/O生物滤池处理低碳氮比农村污水脱氮

针对低碳氮比导致低污染农村污水生物处理时出水总氮(total nitrogen, TN)质量浓度高不能满足排放标准的问题,以普通砾石A/O生物滤池为对照组(1号),采用芦竹和活性炭分别作为缺氧段和好氧段填料的A/O生物滤池(2号)处理人工模拟农村污水并研究其脱氮效果.结果表明,当进水化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、氨氮(ammonia nitrogen, NH~+_4-N)和TN质量浓度分别为(79.47±14.21)、(34.49±2.08)和(34.73±3.87)mg·L~(-1)时,两套装置对COD、NH~+_4-N和TN的去除率分别为(88.00±7.00)%和(89.00±10.00)%、(90.00±2.00)%和(97.00±7.00)%、(37±15)%和(68±7)%,表明添加新型填料芦竹和活性炭能显著增强A/O生物滤池对NH~+_4-N和TN的去除.高通量测序结果显示, 1号装置中参与硝化过程的微生物主要为Proteobacteria(变形菌门), 2号则是变形菌门和Nitrospirae(硝化螺旋菌门)共同作用;1号装置缺氧段中发挥反硝化作用的主要细菌门类包括Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、变形菌门、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)和Planctomycetes(浮霉菌门),而2号缺氧段中则主要是拟杆菌门、变形菌门、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)和Patescibacteria.实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)结果表明, 2号装置中生物膜的硝化功能基因(amoA和Nitrospira 16S rDNA)、反硝化功能基因(narG、nosZ、nirS和nirK)和厌氧氨氧化功能基因(ANAMMOX)丰度均高于1号装置,除narG和nosZ基因外,其余几种都有1～2个数量级的差别.     

Chemical and spectral characterization of soil phosphorus under three land uses from an Andic Palehumult in West Cameroon

Phosphorus (P) is one of the main limiting plant nutrients in most tropical soils. Acquiring quantitative information on soil P status is essential for evaluating its sustainable management in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate how land-use shifts from semi-permanent food crop systems (CF) to plantations of tea (Camellia sinensis) (TP) and Eucalyptus grandis (EP) impact on both organic and inorganic P species. Determination of phosphorus status combined a P sequential fractionation procedure and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Sequentially extracted pools included available P by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, Al/Fe-P by 0.1 M NaOH, Ca-P by 0.5 M HCl and residual P by 0.5 M H₂SO₄ after ignition at 550 °C. Soil total P (STP) varied significantly across land uses (P<0.05) with the lowest mean value (1025.6±23.1 mg kg⁻¹) occurring under CF and the highest (1698.0±86.1 mg kg⁻¹) under TP. The largest P-pools were NaOH-P (47–51% of total soil P) and H₂SO₄-P (25–32%). NaHCO₃-P_i under fertilized land uses (CF and TP) was greater than 12 mg kg⁻¹ indicating that these systems were sustainable. Unfertilized EP was P-deficient, probably as the result of organic-matter accretion and subsequent P immobilization in organic forms. ³¹P NMR revealed that 88–89% of P compounds in NaOH extract were organic with monoester-P accounting for 59.1–60.8%. This was followed by diester-P (9.8–12.4%), teochoic acid (8.4–10.1%), orthophosphate (8.8–9.7%), unknown compounds (7.4–8.4%), pyrophosphate (1.1–4.6%) and phosphonate (0–1.3%). EP had higher diester-P and no phosphonate compound whereas CF had substantial amount of pyrophosphate (4.6%) and less orthophosphate and teochoic acid. These results indicate that these last P compounds are easily mineralizable P forms participating actively in plant P nutrition.     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

人工湿地处理含盐生活污水的特性研究

将人工湿地应用于含盐生活污水处理,在0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%等不同进水NaCl盐度水平下,研究了进水盐度对人工湿地运行效果及基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响,结果表明,当进水盐度在1.5%及以下时,人工湿地运行受盐度的影响较小,对COD的去除率保持在68.3%以上,对NH4+-N的去除率保持在66.1%以上.当进水盐度达到2.0%,人工湿地基质中细菌、真菌、放线菌和硝化细菌的数量明显减少,基质脲酶、纤维素酶活性也相应下降,导致人工湿地对污染物的去除率也随之下降,其中COD去除率降低至52.9%,NH4+-N去除率降低至50.3%.实验进一步研究了在1.5%进水盐度下人工湿地的水力条件对净化效果的影响.结果表明,相对于有机物,氮的去除受HRT的影响更大,当人工湿地的HRT由3～5 d降低至2 d时,NH4+-N的去除率从65.1%～78.2%降至47.1%.     

Nitrate leaching from a free-draining volcanic soil irrigated with municipal sewage effluent in New Zealand

Land application of municipal sewage effluent is becoming increasingly popular worldwide as a means of disposal, treatment, nutrient recycling, irrigation to meet plants' water requirements, and groundwater recharge. Nitrate leaching from a volcanic soil (Typic Udivitrand) was investigated under a Pinus radiata plantation near Rotorua, New Zealand, which had received, on average, 0, 29, and 88 mm per week of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for the previous 4 years. Four replicates of undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters (200 mm diameter×200 mm depth) from surface soil from each treatment were used to study the influence of the three different rates of effluent application on N leaching. A rapid emergence of nitrate–N occurred in the drainage samples, and indicated that approximately up to half of soil nitrate was readily leached beyond the topsoil. Nitrate–N concentrations in the drainage water increased substantially with effluent application rate, almost reaching the World Health Organisation recommended limits (approximately 10 g m⁻³) in plots receiving effluent at the highest rate. Given that nitrate leaching from the soils may threaten the viability of the land treatment system, due to large N loads being observed in streams which drain irrigated catchments during winter periods, possible strategies for minimising nitrate leaching losses under effluent irrigation may need to be considered.     

三级生物膜深度处理腈纶废水生化出水的脱氮研究

针对腈纶废水生化出水用传统脱氮工艺深度脱氮时碳源不足的问题,采用三级生物膜反应器作为深度处理装置,研究了反应器的启动及进水pH、水力停留时间(HRT)、进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度对NH4+-N去除率的影响并确定其最佳运行条件及最佳条件下总氮(TN)的去除效果.结果表明,在HRT为24 h,进水pH为7.8～8.0条件下反应器对NH4+-N和TN的去除效果最佳,平均去除率分别为94.6%和53%;且进水NH4+-N浓度对其去除效果没有明显影响;反应器在不投加有机碳源情况下,对TN有明显去除效果,平均去除率53%,最高去除率达66%,表明三级生物膜反应器深度处理腈纶废水时脱氮效果明显.     

碳素纤维对富营养化水体的水质改善与对藻类群落结构的影响

以北京朝阳区清河水为原水,开展碳素纤维生物修复试验,考察生物膜从形成到成熟及处理过程中碳素纤维外观、生物相结构、氮磷浓度及藻类群落结构的变化. 结果表明,碳素纤维在3 d内挂膜成功且生物相丰富,说明其生物亲和性强,吸附性能好. 碳素纤维生物膜对氮、磷具有较好的去除效果,TN、TP、NH₄+-N去除率分别达40%、60%、98%,其中对氮、磷的去除以吸附水体中颗粒态污染物为主. 碳素纤维生物膜对富营养化水体藻类的增殖有明显的抑制作用,尤其对蓝藻的抑制作用显著,藻类总密度和蓝藻密度达到最大值的时间与对照组相比延迟6 d,且藻类总密度及蓝藻密度都低于对照组. 碳素纤维生物膜还影响水体中的藻类群落结构,试验期间水体中以硅藻为主,蓝藻所占比例平均为22.4%,而对照组中以蓝绿藻占优,蓝藻平均所占比例高达47.2%.      

Heterotrophic ammonium removal characteristics of an aerobic heterotrophic nitrifying-denitrifying bacterium, Providencia rettgeri YL

Bacterium Providencia rettgeri YL was found to exhibit an unusual ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify various concentrations of ammonium (NH₄⁺-N). In order to further understand its removal ability, several experiments were conducted to identify the growth and ammonium removal response at different carbon to nitrogen (C/N) mass ratios, shaking speeds, temperatures, ammonium concentrations and to qualitatively verify the production of nitrogen gas using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed that under optimum conditions (C/N 10, 30°C, 120 r/min), YL can significantly remove low and high concentrations of ammonium within 12 to 48 h of growth, respectively. The nitrification products hydroxylamine (NH₂OH), nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) as well as the denitrification product, nitrogen gas (N₂), were detected under completely aerobic conditions.     

Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N₂O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N₂O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N₂O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N₂O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N₂O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N₂O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO₃-N (EF_5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N₂O flux of 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N₂O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF_5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N₂O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales.