Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

汉江下游河流型水华暴发的多影响要素特征识别

水体富营养化通常发生于湖泊和水库等闭合水域,在大型流动性河流中通常较少发生.然而,随着近年来人类活动的干扰,汉江中下游水华事件频繁暴发,给沿岸居民的饮用水安全带来了严重隐患.科学辨识可能导致汉江下游水华暴发的多要素变化特征,是揭示河流水华成因和优化上游水利工程调度的重要依据.基于收集的汉江流域下游气象、水文、水环境和水生态长序列数据,系统检测了可能导致汉江河流型水华暴发的多要素特征和不同时期的变化差异.结果表明:①汉江中下游降雨量（1961-2015年）下降、气温（1961-2012年）显著上升,汉江流域近50年气候逐渐呈现暖干的变化趋势.②1992-2013年汉江中下游径流变化呈显著下降趋势,在水华严重暴发的2008-2011年,汉江干流中下游主要断面年均流量和水位均处于历史上相对较低的一段时期.③2004-2014年汉江下游主要水环境指标变化趋势不显著,但总体水质状况较差,水华年ρ（COD_Mn）和ρ（TP）明显高于非水华年.④汉江水华暴发季节时间自2008年后有明显前移趋势,每年春季的2月中下旬-3月中旬将是水华暴发的重点防控时段.研究显示,汉江下游藻密度的变化相对于营养盐和水文情势要素更加敏感,在不同水华暴发时期的差异也最为显著,是导致河流型水华暴发的主要驱动因素.      

模拟珠江河网的污染物通量及外源输入对入河口通量的贡献

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水质模型,模拟计算了2000年珠江上游输入河网以及河网输入河口的碳质生化需氧量(CBOD)、氨氮(NH4)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO3)和无机磷(IP)等污染物通量,并结合数值实验,量化了外源输入(包括入河网污染物通量与河网污染负荷)对入河口污染物通量对河网区的贡献.研究结果表明,河网区的污染物通量由入河网通量与河网污染负荷共同控制,通量分配具有显著的空间差异;上游各水系中,以西江的通量最大,约占入河网通量的71%～81%;8个入海口门中,以虎门、磨刀门的通量最大,两者共承接超过一半的入河口通量.此外,数值实验表明,入河网通量与河网污染负荷对CBOD、氨氮的入河口通量均有显著贡献,而硝态氮与亚硝态氮、IP的入河口通量则主要来自入河网通量;磨刀门、虎门分别是入河网通量、河网污染负荷最主要的输出口门.基于模型,亦针对入河口CBOD、氨氮通量对河网污染负荷的响应关系进行了探讨.     

Water quality issues in the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea

A framework for evaluating alternative management strategies for the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was developed and applied jointly by Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois, USA, and the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology in Pohang, South Korea. Water from this basin, the second largest in South Korea, supports a total population of more than 13 million people. Rapid industrial expansion, urbanization, and population growth have dramatically increased the demand for water and have severely degraded water quality, particularly near large industrial complexes and in the lower portion of the basin. Management strategies for the entire basin through to the year 2011 were evaluated with a computer model for basin-wide predictions of water flow and quality (HSPF). This continuous-event model was developed and calibrated using site-specific data for the basin over a two-year period (1994-1995) that included periods of both high (monsoonal) and low (drought) flows. Water quality impacts for different wastewater treatment strategies were assessed in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) levels. The results of the study indicate that BOD levels in the main stem of the Nakdong River below the Kumhogang (a major tributary with low flow and heavy pollution loads) cannot be significantly improved by reducing direct BOD loads from point sources along the river. To reduce main stem BOD levels, the nutrient loading to the river must be reduced. In order to reduce these loads, additional advanced treatment methods (i.e., tertiary treatment) must be incorporated in the treatment facilities to remove N and P. The discharge inventory data further suggest that a large portion of N and P loads are derived from non-point agricultural practices. Reduction of these loads is difficult to accomplish and may require extensive modifications in agricultural and land-use practices. The modeling framework developed provides a means to evaluate these and other basin management strategies.     

基于LAM模型的多干扰特征河流磷污染源解析

针对高强度复杂人类干扰河流磷来源难以定量解析的问题,构建基于流量与污染物浓度关系模式的污染源解析模型,定量分析多干扰类型河流磷的点源和非点源负荷与时间贡献。以滇池流域的源头河流、水库干扰河流、水库-调水复合干扰河流等为例,采用LAM源解析模型建立了河流磷浓度与流量的响应关系,分析了主要河流磷的源贡献结构与时空分布特征。结果表明:2018年非点源是滇池主要入湖河流磷的主要贡献源,非点源负荷占比为53%~100%,汛期与全年差异较小;从污染源主导时间看,点源是宝象河和盘龙江大花桥-德胜桥段时间占比最高的污染源,表明低流量期间点源控制对改善水质仍然具有十分重要的意义。研究结果可为我国多种人为干扰类型河流的磷污染源解析提供方法借鉴与指导。     

北运河水体中荧光溶解性有机物空间分布特征及来源分析

利用激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了北运河荧光溶解有机物(fluorescent dissolved organic matter,FDOM)的荧光组分及其空间分布特征,并对各河段FDOM的来源进行了分析.结果表明,北运河水体FDOM的组分中,代表类腐殖物质的组分含量较多,占总荧光强度平均比例的76.18%,而类蛋白质物质占23.82%.各组分荧光强度与氮、磷等污染物呈显著相关关系,说明FDOM与氮、磷等元素的迁移转化有关系;溶解性有机质呈现出明显的空间分布格局,从上游到下游为先降低后升高.上游区域的FDOM含量受工业废水和沿岸农业径流的影响,溶解性有机质含量较高;中游区域主要受少量生活废水排放的影响,溶解性有机质含量较低;下游区域FDOM来源于周边畜禽养殖废水、生活污水、乡镇工业废水和农田退水等,该区域类蛋白物质的相对丰度明显增加,溶解性有机质含量最高.污水处理厂出水中DOM的含量较高,表明污水处理效果有待进一步提高.     

Water quality issues in the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea

A framework for evaluating alternative management strategies for the Nakdong River Basin in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) was developed and applied jointly by Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois, USA, and the Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology in Pohang, South Korea. Water from this basin, the second largest in South Korea, supports a total population of more than 13 million people. Rapid industrial expansion, urbanization, and population growth have dramatically increased the demand for water and have severely degraded water quality, particularly near large industrial complexes and in the lower portion of the basin. Management strategies for the entire basin through to the year {dy2011} were evaluated with a computer model for basin-wide predictions of water flow and quality (HSPF). This continuous-event model was developed and calibrated using site-specific data for the basin over a two-year period (1994-1995) that included periods of both high (monsoonal) and low (drought) flows. Water quality impacts for different wastewater treatment strategies were assessed in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) levels. The results of the study indicate that BOD levels in the main stem of the Nakdong River below the Kumhogang (a major tributary with low flow and heavy pollution loads) cannot be significantly improved by reducing direct BOD loads from point sources along the river. To reduce main stem BOD levels, the nutrient loading to the river must be reduced. In order to reduce these loads, additional advanced treatment methods (i.e., tertiary treatment) must be incorporated in the treatment facilities to remove N and P. The discharge inventory data further suggest that a large portion of N and P loads are derived from non-point agricultural practices. Reduction of these loads is difficult to accomplish and may require extensive modifications in agricultural and land-use practices. The modeling frame-work developed provides a means to evaluate these and other basin management strategies.     

九龙江流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化机制

基于对九龙江上游龙潭湖富营养化水体和沉积物现状的监测结果,通过与国内富营养化深水湖库和流域下游大型富营养化浅水湖泊进行对比,深入探讨了流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化发生的原因及主导机制.流域上游浅水湖泊具有外源污染物输入较少的特点,较下游大型浅水湖泊更易受温度等气候条件和沉积物氧化还原状态的影响,以及外源输入总磷控制具有较强的滞后效应,因此对流域上游浅水湖泊富营养化的控制必须重视内源营养盐释放,特别是结合态磷的内源释放问题.     

Phosphorgehalte und -bindimgsformen in den Sedimenten von Elbe,Traye, Eider und Schwentine

The eutrophication status of rivers is changed to a large degree by discharge of waste waters containing high amounts of phosphates from use of detergents. Sediments from the river Elbe in the port of Hamburg, and upstream from this town, and from some parts of the rivers Trave, Eider, and Schwentine are highly enriched with phosphorus. The phosphorus contents of up to 8300 ppm are about five to tenfold higher than the phosphorus contents of intensively fertilized soils. Phosphates accumulated in sediments are mainly bound as iron phosphates of different composition in a relatively labile binding form from which considerable amounts may be released to the water by various mobilization processes.     

三峡水库支流大宁河水华特征研究

以三峡水库支流大宁河水华敏感期(2007年4~6月和2008年4~5月)水质和水华的调查数据为依据,研究了其水质变化、营养盐构成及水华特征.结果表明,水华敏感期大宁河自回水段以下氮磷含量较高,总氮范围为0.84~3.21 mg/L,总磷为0.011~0.531 mg/L,氮营养盐主要以TDN为主(TDN/TN为84%),而磷营养盐以TDP占优(TDP/TP为60%);N/P值均高于16,藻类生长受磷限制.高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧含量低且变化稳定.叶绿素a为1.41~219.04 mg.m-3.相关性分析表明Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关(rChla-TP=0.453、rChla-高锰酸盐指数=0.641、rChla-DO=0.584、rChla-pH=0.409,p0.01),与SD呈显著负相关(rChla-SD=-0.392,p0.01);pH受多参数影响,但受藻类生长影响较大.通过显微镜对藻类进行鉴定,发现大宁河自回水段以下水华敏感期藻类分布较广,共发现8门82属124种,其中硅藻门和绿藻门分布最多,其次为蓝藻门和甲藻门,其余藻种较少.大宁河在水华敏感期暴发了3次自回水段以下大规模水华,水华期间藻密度最高值是正常值的14~1427倍,水华优势种主要有绿藻门的波吉卵囊藻、小空星球藻、土生绿球藻、实球藻和小球藻;裸藻门的扁裸藻、矩圆囊裸藻;硅藻门的小环藻、冠盘藻和舟形藻;甲藻门的埃尔多甲藻等;发生多藻种同时水华的情况;出河口处藻类较少.     

土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐的影响

土地利用类型是影响面源营养盐负荷的重要因素.为定量揭示不同土地类型对太湖流域入湖河流营养盐浓度的影响,本文以太湖西岸乌溪港流域为例,基于流域土地利用类型的遥感解译,结合河道水质监测数据,分析了流域土地利用对太湖入流河道营养盐浓度的影响.结果发现,河道水质与土地利用类型联系紧密：旱地农田和建筑用地占比对河道氮、磷、有机碳及浮游植物叶绿素a等营养盐相关水质指标影响巨大,果园用地占比也与河道营养盐浓度正相关,而林地占比则与营养盐浓度负相关;流域水域的利用情况及其面积占比也显著影响河道营养盐：河流及水库等的水体面积占比与河道溶解性总氮及硝态氮浓度负相关,自然坑塘及鱼塘等水域面积占比则与河道硝态氮和氨氮浓度负相关,而河流及鱼塘面积占比与河道溶解性总磷、溶解性有机碳和高锰酸盐指数等浓度呈正相关,自然坑塘面积占比与河道颗粒态磷和浮游植物叶绿素a浓度呈正相关.土地利用类型对河道水质的影响程度还受其距河远近的影响.上述结果表明在太湖等平原河网地区营养盐的面源污染控制中应当将土地与湿地的利用管控作为重点实施管理,将湿地水域的自净能力提升纳入流域营养盐控制方案,并特别重视下游河道两岸旱地及建筑用地的面源污染削减.     

西洞庭湖入湖河流磷的污染特征

为识别西洞庭湖长江三口分流来水与洞庭湖水系河流来水磷元素的污染特征,于2016年1-12月在西洞庭湖的主要入湖河流松滋河（三口分流河道）、沅江和澧水（洞庭湖水系河流）开展了水文水质同步调查,研究了入湖河流中磷浓度和组成的时空分布特征,剖析了水文因素对磷污染特征的影响,探究了磷的来源结构.结果表明,3条主要入湖河流流量平均值表现为沅江（1 718 m3/s）>松滋河（935 m3/s）>澧水（884 m3/s）,ρ（TP）平均值表现为沅江（0.070 mg/L） < 澧水（0.077 mg/L） < 松滋河（0.138 mg/L）;沅江的年均入湖磷通量（4 177.26 t/a）对于西洞庭湖磷污染而言仍起主导作用;沅江、澧水与松滋河的磷的形态以DTP（溶解态磷,占比为78.56%~90.19%）为主,并且松滋河DTP占比（90.19%）显著高于沅江和澧水（78.56%~83.34%）.进一步的分析显示,3条河流的磷污染状况受水文因素影响显著,沅江和澧水磷浓度表现为汛期高于非汛期,磷的主要来源为非点源;松滋河的磷浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,汛期主要取决于长江来水状况,非汛期主要取决于松滋口以下区间的点源污染状况.研究显示,3条河流磷浓度和形态均具有时空差异性,并且年内变化规律差异较大.      

九龙江河流-库区系统沉积物磷特征及其生态学意义

采用沉积物磷形态的标准测试方法 (SMT)分析了九龙江北溪河流-库区系统16个站位的沉积物磷含量和形态组成,探讨了该系统沉积物磷的空间分布、形态特征及其生态学意义.结果表明,沉积物总磷(TP)的含量为387～2 092 mg.kg-1,平均1 032 mg.kg-1.以无机磷(IP)为主要赋存形态,IP占TP的48%～98%,而IP中以铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,占IP的43%～99%.TP和Fe/Al-P含量呈现上游高、下游低的空间分布规律,与表层水DTP含量和陆源污染负荷的分布一致.北溪沉积物TP含量的高低主要受Fe/Al-P控制.沉积物富磷、高Fe/Al-P比例(释放潜力大)以及"上游高下游低"的空间分布特征,加上九龙江上游水体较低的氮磷比值属于藻类生长磷弱限制,极可能是九龙江水华首先在上游暴发并向下游库区蔓延的主要原因.九龙江沉积物磷的这些特征在水华过程中具有重要的调控作用和生态学意义.     

强降雨对平原河网区入湖河道氮、磷影响

为定量揭示强降雨对平原河网河道氮、磷污染的影响,本文以太湖西岸大浦河和殷村港为例,基于两周年逐日高频人工监测和降雨量自动监测数据集,以及台风"利奇马"过程中的加密监测,分析了强降雨过程中河道各形态氮、磷浓度的变化特征及其环境效应.结果发现,强降雨两年内共观察到16次（19 d）,且50%发生在夏季;此外,强降水占年内总降水量的比重高达41.33%.强降雨发生之后,两条河道水体中各形态氮、磷浓度在强降雨之后有所增加,其中颗粒态磷的响应最快,一般在强降雨当天就出现峰值;而总氮峰值的出现存在2~5 d的延迟;强降雨引发的河道营养盐浓度增高持续时间短,通常1~2 d,甚至低于雨前浓度.流域面积大和河道流程长的大浦河水体氮、磷浓度对强降雨过程的响应速度较殷村港慢.河道各形态氮、磷浓度对强降雨过程的响应特征还受河道两岸局地土地利用状况的影响,农业面源污染的河段比城镇污染的河段对营养盐的拦截、净化和缓冲能力弱,因此农业面源污染的河段对强降雨的响应强于城镇污染的河段;农业面源影响河段氮的增加量以颗粒态氮为主,城市面源影响河段氮的增加量以溶解态氮为主,而磷的增加全程均为颗粒态磷为主.平原河网地区强降雨带来的河道水体氮、磷浓度波动小,各形态氮、磷响应过程受局地环境背景影响大,水质总体趋于稳定.然而,由于强降雨带来的河道入湖水量占比大,因此入湖负荷也处于很高水平,加之强降雨的发生偶然性大,强降雨对平原河网地区河道入湖氮、磷负荷的突发影响很大,需要重点关注.     

2007年环胶州湾入海河流污染状况和污染物入海通量分析

根据2007年入胶州湾的7条主要河流入海断面水体污染物调查资料,分析了各条河流的水质状况,并计算了COD、氨氮、总磷和油类等污染物的入海通量。结果表明,7条河流入海断面的水质均属于劣V类,而丰水期水质较好,枯水期和平水期水质相对较差;各河流的首要污染物不同,其中,板桥坊河为COD,海泊河、李村河与楼山河为氨氮,墨水河与镰湾河为油类,大沽河为总磷。从入海通量来看,大沽河、海泊河和墨水河的COD排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量70％左右;李村河、海泊河与墨水河的氨氮排海通量较大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于总磷,大沽河排放量最大,约占7条河流排海总量的70％以上,对于油类,墨水河、李村河与大沽河排放量较大,占7务河流排海总量的70％以上。最后在分析各河流污染物来源的基础上,初步提出了防治水污染的相应对策和建议。     

Three-dimensional unstructured-mesh eutrophication model and its application to the Xiangxi River, China

The Xiangxi River is one of the main tributaries in the Three Gorges reservoir, with the shortest distance to the Three Gorges Project Dam. Severe and frequent algal bloom events have occurred frequently in the Xiangxi River in recent years. Therefore, the current study develops a three-dimensional unstructured-mesh model to investigate the dynamic process of algal bloom. The developed model comprises three modules, namely, hydrodynamics, nutrient cycles, and phytoplankton ecological dynamics. A number of factors, including hydrodynamic condition, nutrient concentration, temperature, and light illumination, that would affect the evolution of phytoplankton were considered. Moreover, the wave equation was used to solve the free surface fluctuations and vertical Z-coordinates with adjustable layered thicknesses. These values, in turn, are suitable for solving the algal bloom problems that occurred in the river style reservoir that has a complex boundary and dramatically changing hydrodynamic conditions. The comparisons between the modeling results and field data of years 2007 and 2008 indicate that the developed model is capable of simulating the algal bloom process in the Xiangxi River with reasonable accuracy. However, hydrodynamic force and external pollution loads affect the concentrations of nutrients, which, along with the underwater light intensity, could consequently affect phytoplankton evolution. Thus, flow velocity cannot be ignored in the analysis of river algal bloom. Based on the modeling results, building an impounding reservoir and increasing the releasing discharge at appropriate times are effective ways for controlling algal bloom.     

不同雨强对太湖河网区河道入湖营养盐负荷影响

为揭示太湖河网区不同雨强下入湖河道面源污染规律,以太湖入湖负荷最大的河道大浦河为例,通过一周年逐日高频监测水体各形态氮、磷及溶解性有机碳等营养盐情况,结合河道流量及降雨量的自动监测资料,分析了大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨等4种降雨强度下太湖河网区典型河道的流量和营养盐负荷特征.结果表明,作为太湖河网区的典型入湖河道,大浦河时常发生往复流现象,观测的365 d内,有60 d日均流量为负值,占16%;河道流量对雨强的响应较为迟缓,仅强降雨事件( 25 mm·d~(-1))下,降雨当日河道流量才显著增加;中雨期平均流量仅比无雨期高了29%,在统计上不显著.河道水体营养盐浓度在不同降雨强度下差异不显著,大雨、中雨、小雨及无雨事件下河道总氮浓度分别为(3. 00±0. 58)、(3. 34±0. 93)、(3. 55±1. 05)和(3. 37±1. 14) mg·L~(-1),小雨事件当天水体总氮浓度均值最高,而4种类型降雨事件下河道总磷含量分别为(0. 228±0. 068)、(0. 258±0. 121)、(0. 219±0. 083)和(0. 225±0. 121) mg·L~(-1),差异性也不显著,就平均值而言,中雨时河道总磷浓度最高.夏季典型降雨过程分析表明,不同雨强发生之后河道溶解性有机碳和各形态氮的浓度变化不大,但大雨之后次日河道各形态磷浓度有明显增高,持续时间为2 d,中雨后次日河道总磷和颗粒态磷有明显增高,持续时间仅为1 d,小雨后磷浓度基本无变化.大雨、中雨、小雨和无雨时总氮日负荷分别为7. 64、3. 19、3. 21和2. 62 t·d~(-1),总磷日负荷分别为0. 59、0. 26、0. 22和0. 20 t·d~(-1),受入湖流量影响,大雨期营养盐日负荷显著高于中雨及以下强度的降雨;然而,由于一年内大雨出现频次较少,大雨期氮和磷总入湖负荷占年负荷的比重不大,大雨期总氮和总磷分别入湖61. 11 t和4. 72 t,占观测周年的5. 6%和5. 8%,这与山区河道降雨负荷间的关系有着显著区别.本高频观测表明,太湖流域平原河网区河道面源污染汇集过程复杂,入湖负荷受降雨强度的影响相对较小,入湖水量是营养盐负荷的重要影响因素.本研究结果对太湖流域平原河网区湖泊的面源污染的估算及控制对策的制定具有参考价值.     

鄱阳湖入湖河流氮磷水质控制限值研究

鄱阳湖近年氮磷营养物浓度逐步升高,入湖河流是鄱阳湖氮磷输入的重要途径.采用BATHTUB模型建立了鄱阳湖入湖河流与湖区ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）的响应关系,模拟了入湖河流执行GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中不同氮磷标准限值对湖区水质的影响,发现当入湖河流ρ（TP）执行河流Ⅲ类标准限值或超过Ⅲ类标准限值时,对应湖区ρ（TP）超标;入湖河流执行Ⅲ类及以上湖泊水质标准限值时,湖区水质可以达到Ⅲ类保护目标,但对入湖河流存在一定的过保护现象.因此,以满足现行湖泊水质达标为情景,以湖泊ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）各类别标准限值为目标,试算了入湖河流氮磷控制限值,提出了鄱阳湖入湖河流的氮磷控制限值建议方案,其中鄱阳湖湖体水质目标为Ⅲ类时,入湖河流ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）控制限值分别为0.075和1.20 mg/L,此时入湖河流氮磷控制限值方案既能保证湖泊水质达标,又不会造成对河流的水质控制过于严格.研究显示,基于湖泊水环境质量达标情况试算的入湖河流氮磷所需控制限值,建议可作为解决入湖氮磷污染控制问题的参考.      

香溪河库湾水质特征与非回水区水华响应关系

为探究香溪河在受倒灌影响较弱的河段水华暴发征兆及机理,于水华高发期5~8月对香溪河进行监测,分析电导率、水温、叶绿素a（Chl-a）以及流速.结果表明,在6~8月,香溪河倒灌现象于XX05点（峡口镇）处基本结束,XX06~XX09受倒灌来水影响较弱;香溪河于7月暴发水华,各个监测点位上Chl-a含量均值达到100μg/L以上,XX05~XX06与XX07-XX09点位上暴发不同种水华;在水华暴发前后,水体温度无显著变化,且并无明显分层现象,说明水温分层是水华暴发的主要原因这一理论并不能很好的适用于非回水区;通过对电导率数值的研究发现,数值在垂向上出现显著拐点,而拐点出现在临界层与光补偿层之间,同时与叶绿素a含量分布呈现显著负相关性.香溪河总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）平均值为1.849mg/L和0.157mg/L,均超过富营养化的阈值,水体氮磷含量与Chl-a浓度无显著相关性,水体中除N、P营养盐外的其它离子对香溪河水华的暴发起着重要作用.在水华消退后,电导率数值又逐渐恢复表层高底层低的垂向线性分布特性,与水华的暴发、消退有着明显的响应.     

环太湖不同性质河流水体磷的时空分布特征

为了解不同性质河流对太湖水体富营养化的影响,于2009年2月(枯水期)、2009年5月(平水期)、2009年8月(丰水期)对环太湖三类9条河流中不同形态磷的沿程和时间变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性反应磷(SRP)质量浓度随枯、平、丰水期而呈降低趋势,可酶解磷(EHP)质量浓度随着枯、平、丰水期藻类生物量的升高而升高.受生活污水影响的河流水体中各形态磷的质量浓度都是最高的,但由于此类河流从上游到下游水体自净能力很好,其对太湖富营养化的影响最小.受工业废水影响河流在与太湖交界处各形态磷的质量浓度最大,对太湖富营养化的影响也最大.入湖河流的EHP质量浓度多数情况下远远高于SRP质量浓度,EHP对太湖蓝藻的暴发起关键性作用.