静水与流水条件下沉水植物生长对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移的影响

沉水植物生长可有效降低河湖内源磷污染. 为探究沉水植物在静水(v=0 m/s)和流水(v=0.10 m/s)条件下对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移影响,选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为研究对象,测定其生长期间上覆水、沉积物中各形态磷含量和沉水植物生物量,并监测环境因子变化. 结果表明:①苦草和黑藻生长期间上覆水和沉积物中各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势,并在一定时期维持在较低水平. 相同流速下黑藻对上覆水磷的吸收效果优于苦草,苦草能抑制沉积物表面磷释放. ②试验20 d后,苦草和黑藻组上覆水各形态磷浓度显著低于对照组,试验结束时静水苦草组、静水黑藻组、流水苦草组和流水黑藻组上覆水TP(总磷)浓度相比对照组分别下降了0.13、0.15、0.19和0.25 mg/L. 静水条件下沉水植物以降低上覆水中DTP(溶解性总磷)为主,流水条件下以减少DTP和PP(颗粒磷)为主. ③试验结束时,苦草组和黑藻组沉积物TP含量在静水条件下分别下降了91.78、93.25 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了83.51、81.03 mg/kg;NaOH-P(NaOH提取磷)含量在静水条件下分别下降了57.76、55.86 mg/kg,流水条件下分别下降了24.52、19.24 mg/kg,沉积物从轻度污染逐步转为未受污染. ④试验50 d,苦草生物量在静水和流水条件下分别增加了353.08和402.03 g,黑藻生物量分别增加了415.00和477.08 g,沉水植物生物增长量在流水条件下显著高于静水组. 研究显示,苦草、黑藻生长均能有效吸收磷,在流水条件下可促进沉水植物生长和磷的吸收,同时改变了上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度和pH等环境因子,从而影响磷在上覆水和沉积物的迁移及磷形态的转变.      

聚丙烯酰胺和椰糠配合对绿地土壤换填介质渗、蓄、净的效果

绿地土壤换填介质性能对海绵城市雨水径流源头削减起着至关重要的作用。为解决西咸新区海绵城市绿地土壤换填介质(土∶沙∶椰糠=4∶4∶2,体积比)去污性能不佳和椰糠遇水漂浮的问题,通过设置不同质量浓度(0.00%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.50%)的聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)溶液与换填介质进行混合,测定其饱和导水率、饱和含水量、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)以及重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)静态吸附效果。结果表明:与不添加PAM处理相比,用量为0.75%、 1.00%、1.50%(质量分数)的PAM处理,介质的容重分别显著降低了9.1%、10.8%、12.2%;用量为1.00%、1.50%的PAM处理,介质的饱和含水量分别显著增加了24.3%、30.0%;用量为1.50%的PAM处理,介质的饱和导水率显著提高了52.6%;不同处理对TN和COD的吸附效果没有显著影响;与对照相比,用量为0.75%、1.00%、1.50%的PAM处理,滤液中磷的含量分别显著增加了20.1%、31.3%、51.1%;PAM的添加增加了介质对Cu、Zn和Cd的吸附。总之,用量为1.50%的PAM处理对于介质容重、饱和含水量、饱和导水率及对污染物(TN、COD、Cu、Zn、Cd)的静态吸附效果方面表现最优,因此推荐1.50%的PAM与土∶沙∶椰糠(4∶4∶2)配合可作为西咸新区绿地土壤换填介质。     

蔬菜废弃物和小麦秸秆对堆肥过程中温室气体排放的影响

以蔬菜废弃物和小麦秸秆为原料,设二者体积比分别为1∶1(V1W1)、1∶2(V1W2)、2∶1(V2W1)3个处理,每个处理添加20%(体积比)的鸡粪并混合均匀,进行为期30 d的好氧发酵试验,以对好氧发酵过程中温室气体的排放特征进行研究.结果表明:在整个腐解过程中,V1W2处理堆体的高温阶段温度(68 ℃)最高且高温持续时间(13 d)最长.在堆肥结束时,与堆肥初期相比,V1W1和V1W2处理的w(TN)分别增加了7.44%、10.92%;3个处理的w(TOC)分别降低了12.44%、12.41%、13.44%;在堆肥的前期(1～15 d)w(NH₄+-N)增加,中后期NH₄+-N向NO₃--N转化.V1W1、V1W2和V2W1处理的CO₂累计排放量分别为13.21、13.04、15.93 g/kg;CH₄的累计排放量分别为215.72、171.83、249.80 mg/kg;N₂O的累计排放量分别为56.13、35.62、98.71 mg/kg.V1W2处理的CO₂累积排放量比V2W1处理显著降低了18.14%;V1W2处理的CH₄累积排放量分别比V1W1和V2W1处理显著降低了20.35%、31.22%;V1W2处理的N₂O累积排放量分别比V1W1和V2W1处理显著降低了36.54%、63.91%.研究显示,从腐解过程中碳氮转化和温室气体的排放考虑,蔬菜废弃物和小麦秸秆的配比为1∶2的处理更有利于堆肥保氮保碳和减少温室气体的排放.      

蓝藻生长与衰亡对太湖水体氮素迁移转化的影响

氮是控制蓝藻生长和水华形成的关键元素之一,反之蓝藻水华也会对氮的浓度变化和形态转化产生影响.通过采集太湖竺山湾蓝藻、沉积物和水样,设立湖水对照组(A0)、湖水加藻避光培养处理组(A1)、泥柱避光培养处理组(A2)、泥柱加藻避光培养处理组(A3)、湖水加藻光照培养处理组(A4)、泥柱加藻光照培养处理组(A5)进行室内培养试验,探究在蓝藻生长和衰亡的不同时期中氮的转化过程.结果表明：(1)蓝藻生长会大量吸收水体中的溶解态氮,最终A4和A5处理组中DTN浓度分别降低46.4%和60.7%、NO₃^--N浓度分别降低61.7%和80.6%.(2)蓝藻的衰亡会降低水体DO浓度,加速底泥氮素脱除,试验结束时A0和A1处理组中NO₃^--N浓度基本无变化,A2和A3处理组中NO₃^--N浓度分别降低40.8%和56.6%.(3)蓝藻衰亡时会释放大量NH₄⁺-N,大幅提高水体中DTN浓度,并因试验期间的低溶氧条件使得NH4_+...     

CaO机械化学法去除土壤中DDTs的工艺参数优化

为了探究应用机械化学技术处理高浓度DDTs污染土壤的最优工艺,以CaO为球磨药剂,采用行星式球磨机对高浓度DDTs污染土壤进行球磨无害化处理研究,分析不同尺寸磨球配比、球磨机转速、球料比(磨球与物料的质量比)和物料比(CaO与土壤的质量比)对DDTs的去除效果,并通过响应面法优化工艺参数.结果表明:单独使用大球(直径20 mm)球磨4 h后,土壤中DDTs残余量为4 mg/kg;而单独使用其他更小尺寸(10和8 mm)的磨球或不同尺寸磨球组合处理下的DDTs残余量均超过80 mg/kg,与单独使用大球处理的效果有显著差异.单因素试验结果显示,去除土壤DDTs的最佳参数为转速500 r/min、球料比35∶1、物料比5∶10,在该工艺条件下球磨3 h后土壤中DDTs残余量为44 mg/kg,去除率可达99.6%.依据三因素三水平的Box-Behnken试验建立的响应面模型可较好地反映土壤中DDTs残余量与转速、球料比和物料比之间的关系,各因素对土壤中DDTs残余量的影响大小表现为球料比＞转速＞物料比;通过优化计算得到使DDTs残余量达到最低时的工艺参数为转速500 r/min、球料比24∶1、物料比5∶10,在该工艺条件下球磨3 h后土壤中DDTs残余量为369 mg/kg,可见响应面法优化并未能够筛选出最优的球料比.因此,CaO机械化学法无害化处理高浓度DDTs污染土壤的最优工艺参数为各单因素试验确定的工艺条件组合,即球磨转速500 r/min、球料比35∶1、物料比5∶10.      

钢渣-龙须菜系统处理富营养化海水的研究

分别研究了钢渣、龙须菜和钢渣-龙须菜等系统对富营养化海水中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除效果,探讨了利用钢渣-龙须菜系统处理富营养化海水的可行性.结果表明,钢渣可有效去除富营养化海水中的磷酸盐,不能去除海水中的硝酸盐.起始密度为3g/L的龙须菜对轻度富营养化海水(硝酸盐:0.3~0.6mg/L,磷酸盐:0.05~0.1mg/L)中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除率较高,但是对重度富营养化海水(硝酸盐:4.8mg/L,磷酸盐:0.8mg/L)中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的去除率较低.钢渣-龙须菜系统将钢渣对磷酸盐的物理吸附、化学沉淀与龙须菜对硝酸盐、磷酸盐的生物吸收结合起来,能够显著降低富营养化海水中硝酸盐、磷酸盐的浓度.     

两种水生植物对滇池草海富营养化水体水质的影响

通过模拟实验,比较了2种典型水生植物水葫芦和轮叶黑藻对滇池草海富营养化水体水质的影响.结果表明,在实验过程中,水葫芦同化吸收的氮、磷量分别比轮叶黑藻所同化吸收的量高109%和17%.在水生植物采收前,水葫芦处理组水体DO和pH值显著性低于对照组,电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(Eh)显著性高于对照组,与轮叶黑藻处理组结果相反.水葫芦和轮叶黑藻处理组水体TN和TP浓度均显著低于对照组;相同初始种养量的情况下,试验初期轮叶黑藻处理组水体TN、TP及Chl-a浓度显著性低于水葫芦处理组,与试验后期结果相反.当水生植物采收后约50 d,水葫芦处理组水体TN、TP浓度均维持在采收前的低水平;轮叶黑藻处理组TN和TP浓度也维持在采收前水平,而Chl-a浓度较采收前有所上升.     

轻组有机质对太湖沉积物氮、磷矿化的影响

采用连续淹水培养试验研究轻组有机质(LFOM)对鼋头渚(Y)和贡湖(G)2种不同污染程度太湖沉积物氮、磷矿化的影响. 结果表明,去除LFOM并没有改变沉积物氮、磷的矿化趋势. 试验初期,沉积物累积矿化氮、磷量急速上升,之后增速变慢,至峰值后迅速下降,42 d时达到最小值,并持续至试验结束. 经过77 d的培养试验,不同处理的2种不同污染程度沉积物有24%～39%的总氮(TN)和7%～26%的总磷(TP)被矿化;污染较重的沉积物Y的净矿化氮、磷量和矿化速率均高于沉积物G;去除LFOM使沉积物的净矿化氮、磷量和矿化速率均有所降低,其中沉积物Y的净矿化氮、磷量分别降低了110.86和145.26 mg/kg,下降了15%和74%,沉积物G降低了195.13和29.99 mg/kg,下降了40%和50%. 沉积物Y的氮、磷平均矿化速率分别降低了3.01和5.36 mg/(kg·d),沉积物G分别降低了6.35和1.30 mg/(kg·d).      

青铜峡灌区水稻田化肥氮去向研究

青铜峡灌区是我国古老的特大型灌区和粮食主产区之一,灌区农田氮肥的过量施用已经导致化肥氮向水体流失.用15N示踪微区试验方法研究了青铜峡引黄灌区习惯灌溉量条件下水稻田化肥氮素去向.结果表明,施氮量为当地习惯施氮300kg.hm-2时,水稻吸收的化肥氮在籽粒中最多,氮肥的当季利用率为45.93%,吸收的土壤氮约占52.63%;作物中的回收率为27.90%,在0～90cm土壤中的残留率为23.31%,作物-土壤体系中的回收率为51.21%,氮肥的损失率为48.79%;氮肥除了被当季作物吸收和部分以矿质氮残留在土壤中外,灌区19×104hm2的水稻田化肥氮年流失量为2.78×104t,生产1000kg水稻(净籽粒),排放纯氮20.17kg;在0～90cm土壤层中均有化肥氮残留,残留化肥氮主要富集在表层0～30cm,在60～90cm检测到化肥氮,说明青铜峡引黄灌区在习惯灌溉量条件下,水稻田当季的化肥氮淋溶到90cm以下,成为浅层地下水的潜在污染源.     

水稻田对猪粪的最大消纳能力研究

为最大限度地利用土地处理猪粪,减少养殖废弃物的排放和化肥的使用,采用大田试验方法,研究亚热带地区水稻田对猪粪的最大消纳能力.对水稻田施以4组不同水平猪粪处理——MNK1(猪粪7454kg/hm2、尿素55kg/hm2、钾肥36kg/hm2)、MNK2(猪粪14911kg/hm2、尿素110kg/hm2、钾肥71kg/hm2)、MNK3(猪粪19381kg/hm2、尿素143kg/hm2、钾肥92kg/hm2)和MNK4(猪粪23854kg/hm2、尿素176kg/hm2、钾肥113kg/hm2),检测施粪过程中降雨径流ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(NH₄+-N)等的变化规律,结合水稻产量和各组施肥方式下土壤养分的累积,分析了亚热带地区水稻种植过程猪粪的最佳使用量和土壤承载力. 结果表明:①猪粪增施60%,则每hm2水稻增产180kg. ②MNK2处理的稻田土壤实际产生径流中的TN、TP流失量较MNK3处理分别少32%、39%;MNK2处理稻田土壤的w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TK)比MNK3处理分别减少9%、17%、26%;与全部施入化肥相比,水稻按MNK2水平进行施肥能减少氮、磷流失量6%、13%左右. 在保证经济效益和生态环境效益的同时,单季水稻田最大能消纳猪粪14911kg/hm2,每hm2水稻产量保持在6193kg水平上.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.