制定湖泊营养物基准的技术方法研究进展

湖泊营养物基准是指用可信的科学数据表示水中营养物的允许浓度和生态指标的阈值,是制定富营养化标准、评价湖泊状态依据。文章分析了国外制定湖泊营养物基准的方法:参照状态法、输入-响应模型法和机理推断法,并概述了目前湖泊富营养化预测模型。通过分析对比,提出了适合我国湖泊营养物基准制定的技术方法及思路。     

我国湖泊营养物基准的制定方法研究

湖泊富营养化的程度日益严重,已经对人类的生产生活、水生动植物的生存造成了危害。西方一些发达国家尤其是美国已经制定了水体水质基准,形成了一系列的基准制定的方法体系,建立了水质的管理体制。文章描述了我国的湖泊富营养化的现状、美国营养物基准的研究进展;列举了几个能够辅助基准制定的数学模型,探讨了我国的湖泊富营养化基准的制定方法步骤;通过几种模型的比较,并结合我国各方面的特点,确定我国基准制定中参照状态向基准的转化方法以及基准模型的应用和成果。     

矿化度作为蒙新高原湖泊营养物基准影响指标的可行性

基于蒙新高原湖区多年综合调查资料及现场监测数据分析,结果显示蒙新湖区存在咸化趋势.多元逐步回归分析表明总磷、矿化度是影响蒙新湖区初级生产力的重要因子.相关性分析显示,蒙新高原湖区湖泊矿化度与溶解氧、pH值、总氮、叶绿素a及透明度相关,其中,溶解氧、pH值与矿化度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);总氮、叶绿素a与矿化度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);透明度与矿化度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).通过矿化度与国际公认的营养物基准指标[原因变量(TP、TN)和反应变量(Chl-a、SD)]之间的线性关系研究表明,矿化度应成为蒙新高原湖区湖泊营养物基准影响指标之一,研究结果为确定蒙新高原湖区湖泊营养物基准的候选变量和指标提供了理论依据.     

湖泊营养物控制的国家战略

太湖蓝藻的暴发将我国水污染治理的焦点聚集于湖泊富营养化治理上。我国湖泊富营养化的加剧，已经成为制约我国社会和国民经济持续发展的重大环境问题，制定湖泊营养物控制的国家战略，在这个国家战略下确立生态分区的湖泊营养物基准和标准，采用TMDLs总量控制方法和营养物削减集成技术，依靠国家的强力行动和全民的积极参与，改善湖泊水质状况，恢复湖泊生态环境是我们亟待解决的问题。[编者按]     

中国湖泊富营养化防治策略研究

随着湖泊富营养化的加剧,藻类水华暴发的频率也越来越高,规模越来越大,成为制约中国社会和国民经济持续发展的重大环境瓶颈问题,前景堪忧.本文从全国湖泊流域整体层面出发,分析制定基于生态分区的营养物基准和富营养化控制标准,以富营养化控制标准为依据,建立全国不同分区的营养物总量控制和生态修复体系,提出全国湖泊营养物削减和富营养化控制的国家方案,希望为中国湖泊富营养化防治工作提供借鉴.     

云贵高原湖区湖泊营养物生态分区技术方法研究

提出一种基于主成分分析、聚类分析、判别分析和空间自相关的分区模型,用于对云贵高原湖区湖泊营养物生态分区的研究.首先运用主成分分析方法对众多指标进行了降维综合处理,产生彼此互补相关又能综合反映湖区情况的4个新指标,累计贡献率达到93.69%,具有充分的代表性,构建了云贵高原湖区湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系.在此基础上,根据各区域新指标值,结合聚类模型初步将湖泊流域分为5类,再利用判别分析完成非湖泊流域的类别判别,最后运用空间自相关分析方法,按聚类结果进行全局自相关分析,Moran’sI为0.320,且检验值Z值为68.2,远大于临界值(显著水平1%所对应的临界值2.58),表明聚类结果与空间位置具有显著相关性,之后运用局部自相关对区域各因素的主成分综合得分的空间分布格局进行了量化分析,揭示了零散分类区块在空间地域分布上的关联和差异,根据关联结果完成最终的分区.结果表明,利用此分区模型可以尽量避免人为因素,得到更为客观的分区结果,具有良好的适应性和可行性,可为探索适合我国湖泊营养物生态分区的指标体系和分区技术方法,完成全国湖泊营养物生态分区和科学地制定我国湖泊营养物基准和富营养化控制标准提供技术支持.     

我国湖泊水环境标准体系建设及其发展建议

在分析我国湖泊水环境标准现状及发展的基础上,提出了构建与完善我国湖泊水环境标准体系的设想与建议:重点编制湖泊水环境术语、湖泊沉积物质量标准、湖泊富营养化评价标准、健康湖泊的评价指标标准等;强化湖泊标准科研前期的投入和研究,对湖泊科研示范基地要建立标准与科研、标准与生产相协调的机制;以制定标准为主,兼顾技术规定,调动企业参与;尽快构建我国湖泊营养物基准,亟需尽快制定及修订、完善已有的标准规范。     

富营养化控制标准经济分析方法研究

中国湖泊富营养化控制标准制定过程中,经济分析应该被考虑其中。该文对湖泊富营养化执行过程中的经济影响因素进行了分析。具体采用系统动力学对富营养化控制标准经济因素进行分析,以洱海流域水环境和社会经济状况的基本数据为基础,结合流域经济发展、污染物负荷情况、治理难度与投入的综合比较,推荐适宜当地的经济发展模式。把洱海Ⅱ类水质计算水环境容量输入系统动力学模型,按照推荐经济发展模式进行模拟,估算营养物削减量,并对营养物削减工程投资做出预算。通过系统动力学模型模拟出控制标准经济评估指标体系的变化趋势,得出控制标准实施对经济的影响是否重大。为不同规划期污染物削减方案及富营养化控制标准的科学合理执行提供依据。     

湖泊营养物生态分区：中国东北的分区试验

湖泊营养物生态分区是实现湖泊富营养化分区控制的基础。论文以东北区为研究区域,从自然地理要素、生态系统和人类活动三方面建立指标体系,利用粗糙集方法确定各指标的权重,并据此计算栅格尺度湖泊营养物生态分区评价分值,并将其投影到小流域尺度上。在小流域尺度采用双约束空间聚类算法开展湖泊营养物生态分区。结果表明：①采用粗糙集方法,运用属性重要度确定各属性的客观权重,适合用于测算湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系中各指标的权重;②采用双约束空间聚类进行湖泊营养物生态分区,保证了分区结果在空间上的连续性和评价分值上的接近性;③可以将东北区分为大兴安岭北部山地区、小兴安岭山地-三江平原区、长白山山地区、松嫩平原区和辽东、辽西丘陵-辽河平原区。     

湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区技术方法研究

提出一种基于主成分分析、聚类分析、判别分析和空间自相关的分区模型,用于对湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区的尝试. 运用主成分分析法对众多指标进行降维处理,产生彼此互补又能综合反映湖区情况的新指标,构建了湖北省湖泊营养物生态分区指标体系. 在此基础上,根据各区域新指标值结合聚类模型进行湖泊流域的初步分类,利用判别分析完成非湖泊流域的类别归属判别,运用空间自相关分析方法对区域各因素的空间分布格局进行量化分析,以揭示零散分类区块在空间地域分布上的关联和差异,最后根据关联结果确定边界完成分区并进行特征描述. 结果表明,利用该分区技术方法体系可以尽量避免人为因素干扰,得到更为客观的分区结果,具有良好的适应性和可行性.      

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.