煤制气废水总酚负荷对反硝化的抑制效应研究

在高负荷酚类污染物的煤制气废水中,人们往往关注酚类对硝化菌的活性和效率抑制,对反硝化过程的抑制研究不多.为了探明煤制气废水中酚类化合物对反硝化脱氮效率和污泥活性的抑制作用,以缺氧反硝化小试系统为对象,考察了不同酚负荷对反硝化效率(NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N去除效率)、对污泥应激活性、降解活性和污泥毒性的影响.结果表明,当总酚浓度从50mg·L~(-1)提高到200 mg·L~(-1)时,NO~-_3-N和NO~-_2-N的去除率分别由83%和80.6%降至55%和25%,且NO~-_2-N的浓度随着NO~-_3-N浓度的降低呈现先上升后下降的趋势.在不同酚负荷的污泥驯化过程中,反硝化污泥的过氧化氢酶活性、脱氢酶活性以及污泥毒性变化趋势基本不变,但随着总酚浓度的升高,过氧化氢酶活性和污泥毒性会上升,脱氢酶活性会下降.     

硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮条件控制研究

采用全混式厌氧搅拌罐,研究自养条件下,厌氧氨氧化与硫自养反硝化共同存在时,前者对系统中硫酸盐的产生和碱度消耗的影响.投加单质硫颗粒50 g·L~(-1),接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥100 g·L~(-1)(湿重),控制温度35℃±0.5℃,搅拌强度120r·min-1,p H为8.0~8.4.启动硫自养反硝化阶段,进水硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为5.3 h,反应器硝态氮负荷达0.56~0.71 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化反应过程中,添加60 mg·L~(-1)氨氮后,硝态氮负荷仍维持在0.66~0.88kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).反应体系内单位硝酸盐转化产生的硫酸盐Δn(SO~(2-)_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)由1.21±0.06降低至1.01±0.10,Δ(IC)∶Δ(NO~-_3-N)由0.72±0.1降低至0.51±0.11,出水p H值由6.5上升至7.2.序批试实验优化反应条件:在搅拌强度G_T值为22~64 s~(-1),p H值为8.08时,耦合反应Δn(NH~+_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)最高达到0.43,硝酸盐转化速率提升60%,过高搅拌强度(搅拌速度G_T值64 s~(-1))、不适宜的p H值(最适p H值为8.02)环境都会起同步转化效率的降低.     

高氨氮PN/A脱氮工艺:亚硝态氮抑制后的恢复策略

高氨氮短程硝化厌氧氨氧化一体化(PN/A)工艺的稳定性受亚硝态氮影响显著。考察了高氨氮PN/A工艺受亚硝态氮短期抑制后,系统脱氮性能快速恢复的策略。稳定运行的PN/A污泥在ρ(NO~-_2-N)=200 mg/L条件下抑制2 h后,首先考察厌氧氨氧化菌在不同初始亚硝态氮浓度下的活性变化。此外,考察了受抑制后的PN/A工艺在不同DO浓度(0.05～1 mg/L)下的脱氮性能,结果表明:当NO~-_2-N浓度降低至50 mg/L以下时,厌氧氨氧化菌才明显表现出活性;受抑制后的PN/A工艺中,厌氧氨氧化菌对DO敏感度增加,恢复时系统的DO宜低于正常运行时浓度。综上所述,受NO~-_2-N抑制的PN/A工艺要恢复脱氮性能,宜降低亚硝态氮浓度同时控制DO浓度。在连续运行的PN/A反应器(200 L),诱发NO~-_2-N浓度提高到160 mg/L时,TN去除负荷从0.57下降至0.2 kg/(m~3·d)。通过合理控制DO和NO~-_2-N浓度,系统负荷在30 d内即可恢复至原有水平,验证了以上恢复策略的可行性。     

微生物光电化学池去除硝酸盐氮:以PANI/TiO2-NTs为光阳极

利用微生物光电化学池(MPEC)去除污染物是一种经济高效环保的方法.本实验在制备获得聚苯胺/二氧化钛纳米管阵列(PANI/TiO_2-NTs)复合光电极的基础上,构建了由PANI/TiO_2-NTs光阳极和生物阴极组成的MPEC系统,并对其去除硝酸盐氮(NO~-_3-N)的性能进行研究.结果表明,PANI负载时间为80 s时,PANI/TiO_2-NTs电极光电性能最佳,相比于TiO_2-NTs电极光电流密度增大约一倍,PANI的修饰有效提高了光能利用率.构建的MPEC系统能在无外加电压的条件下利用光能驱动实现自养反硝化脱氮,NO~-_3-N的生物降解符合准一级反应动力学方程.光响应电流密度越大,系统反硝化脱氮性能越好,NO~-_3-N初始浓度为25 mg·L~(-1)时,当光响应电流密度从0.17 mA·cm~(-2)增加至0.67 mA·cm~(-2),平均反硝化速率从0.83 mg·(L·h)~(-1)增大到2.83 mg·(L·h)~(-1).对生物阴极微生物膜进行了高通量测序,发现Pseudomonas所占比例最大(27.37%)为优势菌属.分析认为PANI/TiO_2-NTs光阳极产生的光生电子通过外电路传递到阴极,Pseudomonas、Alishewanella和Flavobacterium等具有自养反硝化能力和电化学活性的微生物可直接利用电极上的电子作为唯一的电子供体进行自养反硝化脱氮.     

HRT对改良式A2/O-BAF反硝化除磷脱氮的影响

研究HRT(水力停留时间)对改良式A~2/O-BAF双污泥系统反硝化除磷脱氮的影响.进水COD、NH~+_4-N和TP分别为189.6、 60.4和5.1mg·L~(-1),HRT分别为9、 8、 7和6 h时,COD出水平均浓度均小于42mg·L~(-1),NH~+_4-N出水平均浓度分别为2.4、 2.8、 3.3和6.5mg·L~(-1),TP出水平均浓度分别为0.3、 0.4、 0.7和0.8mg·L~(-1);系统缺氧段反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例(DPAOs/PAOs)从76.8%递减到48.8%;HRT为8 h时,通过数理统计方法得出反硝化除磷脱氮比(ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N)的概率密度高达37.5%,缺氧段ΔPO~(3-)_4/ΔNO~-_3-N为1.24(理论值1.41),此时反硝化脱氮除磷效果最佳;在整个试验过程中SVI值均低于100 mL·g~(-1),而MLVSS/MLSS从0.74逐渐下降到0.63,表明污泥活性逐渐降低.     

间歇曝气SBR处理养猪沼液的短程脱氮性能

采用间歇曝气序批式活性污泥法(intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactors,IASBR)处理养猪沼液,研究在控温30℃、分步进水条件下的短程脱氮性能.结果表明,进水化学需氧量(COD)与总氮(TN)的比值对脱氮性能影响很大,当进水COD/TN为0.8±0.2时,反应器内亚硝态氮浓度持续积累到高达800 mg·L~(-1),对TN、氨氮(NH~+_4-N)和总有机碳(TOC)的去除率仅分别为18.3%±12.2%、84.2%±10.3%、60.7%±10.7%;进水COD/TN提高到2.4±0.5后,亚硝态氮积累浓度迅速从800 mg·L~(-1)降低至10 mg·L~(-1)以下,TN、氨氮和TOC的去除率分别上升至90%、95%和85%以上.逐步缩短HRT以提高运行负荷,发现氨氮负荷是IASBR稳定脱氮的制约因素,体系耐受的氨氮负荷最大为0.30 kg·(m3·d)-1,当超过耐受负荷后,TN、氨氮和TOC的去除率将显著下降.整个运行阶段反应器内亚硝态氮积累率达74.6%~97.8%,运行稳定期实现TN去除率达90%以上,IASBR系统在低碳氮比下实现了高效稳定的短程硝化反硝化,且不需要额外添加碱度药剂,在处理高氨氮低碳氮比废水上具有优越性.     

1株Arthrobacter arilaitensis菌的耐冷异养硝化和好氧反硝化作用

分别采用高浓度的铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、有机氮模拟废水和铵态氮与硝态氮、铵态氮与亚硝态氮混合模拟废水,研究耐冷反硝化细菌Arthrobacter arilaitensis Y-10的异养硝化、好氧反硝化以及同时硝化和反硝化能力,通过测定Y-10菌株在整个脱氮过程中的D600值,分析细菌生长与生物脱氮之间的联系.结果表明,耐冷菌株Arthrobacter arilaitensis Y-10具有很强的硝化和反硝化能力,15℃条件下,4 d内分别可将铵态氮由208.43 mg·L~(-1)降至72.92 mg·L~(-1),去除率65.0%;硝态氮由201.16mg·L~(-1)降至0 mg·L~(-1),去除率为100%;亚硝态氮由194.33 mg·L~(-1)降至75.43 mg·L~(-1),去除率为61.2%.该菌只在含硝态氮的模拟废水中才会产生亚硝态氮积累;此外,在混合模拟废水中,以去除铵态氮为主.总之,Arthrobacter arilaitensis Y-10能在15℃条件下有效进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化作用,在不同无机氮混合模拟废水中对铵态氮的去除率高达80.0%以上.     

耐高氨氮异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌TN-14的鉴定及其脱氮性能

从环境中筛选出1株耐高氨氮、具有产絮、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的新菌株TN-14,对其进行生理生化特征及分子鉴定、异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力以及产絮性能的考察,并研究其与耐氨氮能力以及对高氨氮猪场废水的除污性能.根据菌株生理生化特征以及分子鉴定结果,可初步确定菌株TN-14为不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp..异养硝化反应体系中,24 h内菌株TN-14对氨氮、总氮的去除率分别达到97.13%和93.53%;硝酸盐反硝化体系中,24 h内硝态氮从94.24 mg·L-1降到39.32mg·L-1,硝态氮的去除率达到58.28%,反硝化速率为2.28 mg·(L·h)-1;亚硝酸盐反硝化体系中,亚硝态氮从反应初始浓度97.78 mg·L-1下降到21.30 mg·L-1,亚硝态氮去除率达78.22%,反硝化速率为2.55 mg·(L·h)-1.菌株TN-14具有良好的产絮特性,其培养液对0.4%的高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达94.74%;菌株TN-14能够在氨氮高达1200 mg·L-1的环境下生长.菌株TN-14对实际猪场废水中的COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到85.30%、65.72%、64.86%和79.41%,在实际高氨废水生物处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

废水处理不同脱氮路径盐分形成与影响因素分析

我国工业废水处理的目标不仅是通过消除污染物降低生态风险,还期望通过脱盐技术实现水回用,处理过程中盐分的形成及其减量对于技术的经济性具有重要意义.以生物脱氮不同路径盐分形成与影响因素的分析为研究对象,以电导率作为盐分削减的指标,以NH~+_4-N、NO~-_2-N、NO~-_3-N、SCN~-作为考察的污染物,把总氮去除作为目的,从电子供体种类/比例、碳源、碱和磷盐的投加量以及水力停留时间(HRT)等主要因素对传统硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化3种工艺进行对比研究,讨论了模拟焦化废水原位减盐的效果.结果表明:①以目标去除进水中200 mg·L~(-1)NO~-_2-N/NO~-_3-N为基准,3种脱氮路径盐分削减能力顺序为:厌氧氨氧化(41.97%)短程反硝化(26.12%)传统反硝化(11.16%);②在最优工况条件(NO~-_2-N/NH~+_4-N=1.33,c(NaHCO_3)=100 mg·L~(-1),HRT=18 h)下,厌氧氨氧化的减盐率、NO~-_2-N和NH~+_4-N的降解率均达到最佳,分别为41.97%、100%和99.38%;③相比较于单一的SCN~-或者苯酚,SCN~-与苯酚共同作为电子供体的脱氮减盐效果更佳;④SCN~-∶苯酚的电子供体比例为1∶3,HRT=38 h时,短程反硝化与传统反硝化脱氮减盐效果同时达到最优,其中短程反硝化的减盐率、NO~-_2-N及SCN~-的降解率分别为26.12%、82.95%、100%,传统反硝化的减盐率、NO~-_3-N及SCN~-的降解率分别为11.16%、100%、100%.研究工作可为寻求废水处理优化的脱盐路径提供指导.     

SBR实现选择性硝化过程及动力学研究

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理模拟氨氮废水,考察了SBR体系中硝化过程中氮组分和溶解氧变化规律,并对硝化动力学进行了研究.结果表明,在低溶解氧下,体系出现亚硝态氮积累;在序批式反应体系中的硝化反应呈现三阶段,即零级反应段、混合反应段和一级反应段,其硝化特性符合Monod动力学方程;根据SBR实现选择性硝化过程控制方法,实现了SBR选择性亚硝化启动,该体系氨氮出水1 mg·L~(-1),氨氮负荷达0.45 kg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)(以每kg MLSS中的NH_4~+-N量(kg)计),亚硝态氮累积率达95%左右.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.