大型填埋场垃圾降解规律研究

在上海市老港垃圾填埋场建造了一座面积为3000m^2，高度为4m，内填生活垃圾10800t的小型卫生填埋场。对该卫生填埋场进行了40个月的监测，分析了垃圾中的总糖、总炭、挥发性物质和有机碳、生物可降解物含量（BDM）、粗纤维含量与填埋时间的关系。同时，也对1991年至1994每年4月份的填埋单元垃圾组成了分析。通过数学聚合，预测了填埋单元封场后的若干年内垃圾组成，对填埋场稳定化程度和垃圾矿化程度进行了判断。结果表明，该场的稳定化时间大约为22－23年，届时，该场的垃圾基本上达到无害化和稳定化，绝大部分可降解的有机物得到充分降解。     

城市垃圾填埋场覆膜内的甲烷及恶臭物质特征研究

卫生填埋是常用的固体废弃物处置方法。部分填埋场对已经封场和暂时不填埋垃圾的区域覆盖高密度聚乙烯膜(HDPE),便于雨水分流、减少垃圾渗滤液产生量。通过在华北地区某城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场设置采样点,监测分析了HDPE覆膜内积聚的甲烷及恶臭物质的浓度和成分,研究在不同季节、填埋时间产生的甲烷及恶臭物质特征。结果表明:填埋场覆膜内甲烷的平均浓度为15.6%;硫化物、胺类以及恶臭浓度分别为153.9 mg/m3,16.0 mg/m3以及4 322 OU。主要的恶臭物质为硫化氢和氨。总挥发性有机物的浓度为0~147.2 mg/m3,苯系物、烷烃和烯烃是挥发性有机物的主要成分。恶臭浓度与硫化物、胺类浓度具有明显的相关性。环境温度、垃圾填埋龄和填埋量对甲烷及恶臭物质的产生与释放有明显影响。夏季甲烷及恶臭浓度分别达到81.2%和20 943 OU,明显高于其他季节。随着垃圾填埋龄和填埋量的增加,恶臭物质的浓度和成分均发生显著变化。     

垃圾填埋场空气中微量挥发性有机物的组成和分布

通过对广州一垃圾填埋场大气中微量挥发性有机污染物（VolatileOrganic Compounds,VOCs）的定性和定量分析,研究了其中部分VOCs的浓度分布规律并探讨了其对周围居民区环境的影响．结果表明,在检测到的 60种VOCs中,有 17种USEPA优先控制污染物,苯及烷基苯化合物浓度最高,在2.54～1508.48μg/m³之间;通过对比填埋场内外空气中 VOCs的浓度水平发现,填埋场内空气中各VOCs的浓度比场外的高,在地势较低的地方空气中各VOCs的浓度比地势较高的地方浓度高,这些VOCs对周围居民区的环境没有明显影响。     

城市垃圾填埋场温室气体及VOCs排放的研究进展

随着城市垃圾填埋量的增加,填埋气体造成的环境问题被愈加重视,国内外对填埋气的产生和排放也进行了大量研究,以温室气体和挥发性有机物为主要研究对象。综述了最近几年国内外学者针对填埋场垃圾和填埋气中3种重要温室气体和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的产生模型、产量估计及其监测方法优劣、减排和资源化利用等领域进行的研究成果,指出后续对填埋气间的相关性和由此产生的次生污染物进行适当研究的必要性,与填埋气产生排放相关的气象条件监测也应加强,旨在为填埋气体的相关研究提供参考。     

一体化技术化污水为清流

<正>随着我国人口的增长和人们生活水平的提高,生活垃圾的产生量逐年增多。生活垃圾处理以卫生填埋为主,在填埋过程中产生的大量垃圾渗滤液,水质极为复杂,污染物种类繁多、浓度高且变化范围大,而且渗滤液的处理难度非常大,给垃圾填埋场     

粉煤灰、建筑垃圾、粘土对垃圾渗透液吸附行为的研究

为确保城市地下水源不受垃圾填埋场渗透液的污染，本文通过垃圾淋溶试验测定垃圾中有机物、重金属的含量．并选择粉煤灰、建筑垃圾、粘土作为垃圾场填埋底层，考察其对垃圾淋溶液污染物的吸附作用，为大连市垃圾填埋场选择填埋底层及填埋厚度提供设计参数．     

垃圾卫生填埋场的场址选择

垃圾处理的方法通常主要有三种，即填埋、焚烧和堆肥。由于垃圾堆肥有诸多限制，所以目前世界各国处理垃圾的方法多以填埋和焚烧为主；又由于建设垃圾焚烧场需要的一次性投资很大．所以在发展中国家最主要的垃圾处理方式是填埋。在中国大部分城市，建设垃圾卫生填埋场是适当的。垃圾卫生填埋场场址的选择在其建设过程中是非常重要的环节，往往直接关系到垃圾卫生填埋场建设的成败。下面就场址的选择问题作一讨论。ｌ选择填埋场场址的基本原则场址的选择是卫生填埋场规划设计的第一步，通常要遵循两个原则：一是场址能够满足垃圾卫生填埋。防…     

垃圾浸出液对填埋场周围水环境的研究

通过对广州两个生活垃圾卫生填埋场周围水环境长达５年的追踪监测，证明垃圾浸出液对地面水的污染主要是ＢＯＤ，ＣＯＤ、氮和磷，对地下水的污染主要来自难降解的有机污染物和微量重金属元素等。     

垃圾浸出液对填埋场周围水环境污染的研究

通过对广州市两个生活垃圾卫生填埋场周围水环境长达５年的追踪监测，证明垃圾浸出液对地面水的污染主要是ＢＯＤ、ＣＯＤ、氮和磷，对地下水的污染主要来自难降解的有机污染物和微量重金属元素等。     

垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物研究

采用USEPATO-15方法对某垃圾填埋场填埋作业区、填埋场边界及周围敏感点大气中的挥发性有机物进行监测,研究垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物的成分特征和空间分布规律。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.