动态膜-生物反应器对城市污水的处理

应用动态膜原理,以0.1mm孔径的普通筛网代替固定膜材料构成一体式动态膜-生物反应器(DMBR)处理实际城市污水.HRT＝3.5h时,出水水质良好.DMBR在小于数cm的液位差下自流出水,出水中的SS最高检测值为4.05mg/L,但在多数情况下为0.在MLSS约7000～8000mg/L下,当动态膜通量为14.9L/(m²·h)时,出水水头仅为5.8mm;27d连续运行,出水水头没有明显改变.动态膜对反应器上清液中的COD和TOC的平均去除率分别为28.74%和36.9%.当溶解氧浓度大于2～3mg/L时,氨氮去除率大于96%.     

动态膜-生物反应器对化粪池废水的处理

应用动态膜原理,以0.1mm孔径的普通筛绢代替固定膜材料构成一体式动态膜-生物反应器(DMBR)处理实际化粪池污水。HRT=5h,膜通量J=18L/(m2·h)。动态膜生物反应器对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别达到了65.3%和68.2%,同时还对动态膜的通透性进行了研究。     

粘胶基活性炭纤维的脱硫性能

以糠醛渣活性炭 (GAC)为比较对象研究了粘胶基活性炭纤维 (ACF)对“SO2 O2 N2 ”体系和“SO2 O2 H2 O(g) N2 ”体系的动态脱硫性能。另外 ,通过脱硫后样品浸泡液分析发现ACF的浸出率达 80 %以上 ,而GAC仅为 2 0 %左右。实验结果表明 ,和GAC相比ACF的脱硫性能更加优良 ,水洗再生能力尤为突出。     

餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥厌氧混合发酵过程的动态膜强化特性研究

比较了厌氧动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）与完全混合式反应器（CSTR）在处理餐厨垃圾（FW）和剩余污泥（WAS）时的发酵产气过程,验证了高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵时DMBR系统运行的稳定性,考察了动态膜（DM）基材孔径（300目、200目和100目）对DMBR运行性能及其固液分离效果的影响.结果表明：一体式DMBR能够强化餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵的高负荷稳定运行,DMBR过膜滤液中平均总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）为86.1 mg·L^-1,低于CSTR排泥中TVFA的浓度（527.3 mg·L^-1）.当动态膜基材孔径为300目时,DMBR过膜滤液中总有机物（TCOD）为（1.6±1.1）g·L^-1,相应的固液分离效果优于200目（（3.2±1.9）g·L^-1）和100目（（32.0±1.3）g·L^-1）动态膜基材,即当动态膜基材孔径为100目时,DMBR过膜滤液中TCOD比300目动态膜基材高6.7倍.与200目动态膜基材孔径相比,300目动态膜基材相应的跨膜压差增长缓慢,反洗频率和运行能耗均较低,而100目动态膜基材孔径过大,固液分离效果较低.因此,在高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统中,选用300目动态膜基材形成的动态膜过滤效果最优.此外,本文还对比分析了有机废物和废水处理领域中较优的动态膜基材孔径及DMBR的应用情况,为拓展DMBR在有机物处理领域的应用提供依据.     

新型管式动态膜生物反应器及处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

研究了1种新型玻璃纤维管式动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）并考察其对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果.研究表明,动态膜生物反应器运行稳定,DMBR在重力自流出水下运行近80 d,在过滤压差为2?900 Pa的情况下,膜通量维持在3.75　L/(m²·h)左右,在膜组件的结构参数改进之后,膜通量有较大提高,在过滤压差为1 450 Pa下能较长时间稳定在6 L/(m²·h).本研究还考察了动态膜的过滤性能和系统处理效果,系统出水浊度在1.0　NTU以下,对COD、BOD₅和NH⁺₄-N的平均去除效率分别超过71%、96%和98%,动态膜对混合液上清液COD有19.34%的截留作用.     

动态膜生物反应器处理玉米深加工废水效果研究

应用动态膜原理,以0.105 mm孔径的工业滤布和钢丝网代替固定膜组件构成一体式动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)处理玉米深加工废水。结果表明,工业滤布和钢丝网基材的膜组件动态膜完全形成后,可以将水中绝大多数悬浮物截留下来;工业滤布膜组件可以在更短时间内(30~60 min)完全生成动态膜并达到良好的过滤效果。采用大通量启动、小通量运行的恒流操作方式,出水平均浊度低于1.5 NTU,SS未检出。当水力停留时间为22 h,MLSS浓度为5 gL时,出水CODCr平均为34.5 mgL,去除率达93.1%;出水NH+4-N平均浓度为5.2 mgL,去除率达94.8%。     

膜基材对连续流动态膜厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)成功启动并稳定运行了玉米秸秆与餐厨垃圾中温厌氧混合发酵系统,重点探究了膜基材性质(膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质)对连续流动态膜混合发酵系统运行性能和动态膜性能的影响.结果表明,膜面积、膜孔径和膜材质对动态膜的形成、膜通量的改变和有机质的截留能力均有影响显著.其中,适当增大膜面积以降低膜通量能够显著降低膜反洗频率;与200目尼龙网膜基材相比,相同膜面积的300目不锈钢膜基材的有机质截留率更高(95%),稳定状态出料浊度低于50 NTU,相应的DMBR系统甲烷产率由(111.1±7.9) mL·g~(-1) COD增至(217.1±18.6) mL·g~(-1) COD.比对分析可知,300目不锈钢膜基材能够较好地实现混合发酵系统水力停留时间(HRT)和固体停留时间(SRT)的稳定分离,有利于最大限度地提升混合发酵系统的甲烷产率.此外,在选定动态膜组件较优膜面积、膜孔径(300目)和膜材质(不锈钢网)的基础上,设定有机负荷、HRT和SRT分别为(3.91±0.55) g·L~(-1)·d~(-1)、30 d和46 d,连续流动态膜混合发酵系统能够实现长时间高效稳定运行,反应器内辅酶F_(420)浓度(1.65μmol·g~(-1) VS)较高,且纤维素类生物质降解显著.     

污泥活性炭的制备及对甲苯吸附性能研究

以城市污水厂脱水污泥为原料,采用ZnCl2化学活化法,通过添加适量锯末(SAC-W)或椰壳(SAC-C)制备出不同污泥活性炭,其比表面积分别为450.3 m2/g和539.4 m2/g,比纯污泥活性炭的比表面积增加了31.63%和57.67%。将污泥活性炭和选用的煤质活性炭(CAC)用于甲苯动态吸附实验,研究不同活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明,在相同的甲苯初始浓度下,平衡吸附量大小顺序为SAC-C>CAC>SAC-W,污泥活性炭表现较好的吸附性能。对污泥活性炭进行理化性能分析,发现中孔和化学吸附作用对吸附量增加有一定贡献。污泥活性炭的吸附平衡与Langmuir方程拟合较好,相关系数R2为0.995。     

真空紫外光解-活性炭吸附去除甲苯及副产物臭氧

研究了不同条件下产O3低压汞灯对气相中低浓度甲苯的光化学降解,以及活性炭纤维(ACF)对甲苯光解尾气中残余甲苯及光解副产物O3的脱除.结果表明,气流相对湿度(RH)越高、气体流量越大、甲苯的初始浓度越高,甲苯的真空紫外光解速率越高,最高达0.070mg/m3,所产生的O3浓度也越低.气流RH越低,ACF对甲苯和O3的吸附脱除性能越好.负载Mn、Cu氧化物的ACF对O3有更好的分解性能,同时能催化氧化甲苯.在400℃下焙烧的催化剂性能最好,RH8%时对O3的去除率稳定在35%,但当RH增至40%时,对O3的去除率下降为16.9%.     

改良黏土对重金属离子的吸附特性及防渗性能

为了评价污泥活性炭(SAC)改良黏土作为垃圾卫生填埋场衬垫防渗材料的可行性,该文通过吸附动力学试验、等温吸附平衡试验、柔性壁渗透试验,分别研究了掺量为0%、1%、3%、5%的SAC改良黏土对Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附特性以及渗透性能。试验结果表明,改良黏土对Cd(Ⅱ)或Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附以30 min内的颗粒表面吸附为主,吸附平衡时间分别为120 min或90 min。改良黏土对Cd(Ⅱ)或Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模式。随SAC掺量由0%增加至5%,在S/L=120 g/L,Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量qm分别增加了25%、47%;当固液比增加到200 g/L,Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量qm分别增加了32%、48%。水、垃圾渗滤液2种渗透媒介下SAC改良黏土的渗透系数为1.8×10-9～1.2×10-8cm/s,均<1×10-7cm/s的防渗要求。因此,SAC改良黏土可以作为垃圾填埋场的衬垫防渗材料使用,可以有效阻滞渗滤液中重金属离子的迁移。     

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance enhancement by powdered activated carbon addition: Evaluation of sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties

The effects of powdered activated carbon(PAC) addition on sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties in a dynamic membrane bioreactor(DMBR) were investigated to explore the enhancement mechanism of pollutants removal and filtration performance. Sludge properties were analyzed through various analytical measurements. The results showed that the improved sludge aggregation ability and the evolution of microbial communities affected sludge morphology in PAC-DMBR, as evidenced by the formation of large, regularly shaped and strengthened sludge flocs. The modifications of sludge characteristics promoted the formation process and filtration flux of the dynamic membrane(DM) layer. Additionally, PAC addition did not exert very significant influence on the propagation of eukaryotes(protists and metazoans)and microbial metabolic activity. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that adding PAC improved the bacterial diversity in activated sludge, as PAC addition brought about additional microenvironment in the form of biological PAC(BPAC), which promoted the enrichment of Acinetobacter(13.9%), Comamonas(2.9%), Flavobacterium(0.31%) and Pseudomonas(0.62%), all contributing to sludge flocs formation and several(such as Acinetobacter) capable of biodegrading relatively complex organics. Therefore, PAC addition could favorably modify sludge properties from various aspects and thus enhance the DMBR performance.     

Immobilized reactor for rapid destruction of recalcitrant organics and inorganics in tannery wastewater

The wastewater discharged from tanneries lack biodegradability due to the presence of recalcitrant compounds at significant concentration. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation(CAACO) reactor, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs for the treatment of tannery wastewater. The treatment scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration, and CAACO reactor, which remove COD, BOD, TOC, VFA and sulphides respectively by 86%, 95%, 81%,71% and 100%. Rice bran mesoporous activated carbon prepared indigenously and was used for immobilization of chemoautotrophs. The degradation of xenobiotic compounds by CAACO was confirmed through HPLC and FT-IR techniques.     

活性碳纤维对水中五氯酚的吸附性能研究

文章研究了活性碳纤维(ACFs)对水中五氯酚(PCP)的吸附行为、吸附条件及再生性能。结果表明,PCP在ACFs上的吸附容量较大,Langmuir及Freundlich等温线都能较好地反映其吸附行为;ACFs对水中分子和离子状态的PCP均可吸附,在最佳的静态吸附和动态吸附条件下,PCP去除率分别可以达到97%和99.8%;用0.01mol/L NaOH溶液进行再生,吸附量基本不变,五氯酚回收率可达90%以上。     

颗粒活性炭对膜生物反应器脱氮性能的影响

为了考察投加颗粒活性炭(GAC)对膜生物反应器(MBR)运行过程和处理效果的影响,研究了MBR和GAC-MBR透膜压差、膜通量的变化情况和脱氮性能,并采用ASM1模型对2个反应器进行数学模拟.结果表明,MBR和GAC-MBR的运行周期分别为75,150h,说明GAC的加入能够显著减缓MBR膜污染的速度,延长MBR的运行周期.MBR和GAC-MBR氨氮浓度分别为0.5,6mg/L;硝氮浓度分别为4.5,2mg/L;总氮浓度分别为5,10mg/L,出水COD均低于20mg/L,出水能符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918-2002)》中的一级A标准.采用ASM1进行工艺数学模拟,模拟出水与实际测量值基本吻合,2个反应器中主要微生物为异养菌和氨氧化菌,异养菌在MBR和GAC-MBR中的质量分数分别为95.5%和97.7%;好氧氨氧化菌分别为4.4%和2.3%,说明投加颗粒活性炭能有效的缓解膜污染,并对污染物具有良好的处理效果.     

活性炭辅助O_3/UV高级氧化处理钻井废水

文章探讨了活性炭、O3和UV联合处理钻井废水的可行性。结果表明,在相同的操作条件下,O3/UV处理法对钻井废水的去除率不高且极不稳定(去除率在5.8%~16.1%间变化)。加入活性炭作为反应载体后,系统显示出较强的氧化降解能力,去除率提高到23.6%,而改进曝气方式后可达到35%的处理率。分析表明,作为载体的活性炭在反应中起到至关重要的作用。     

Interference of iron as a coagulant on MIB removal by powdered activated carbon adsorption for low turbidity waters

Powered activated carbon (PAC) is widely used in water treatment plants to minimize odors in drinking water. This study investigated the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by PAC adsorption, combined with coagulation using iron as a coagulant. The adsorption and coagulation process were studied through different case scenarios of jar tests. The analysis evaluated the effect of PAC dosing in the liquid phase immediately before or after the coagulant addition. Ferric sulphate was used as the coagulant with dosages from 10 to 30 mg/L, and PAC dosages varied from 10 to 40 mg/L. The highest MIB removal efficiency (about 70%) was achieved without the coagulant addition and with the highest PAC dosage (40 mg/L). Lower MIB removal efficiencies were observed in the presence of coagulant, showing a clear interference of the iron precipitate or coagulant in the adsorption process. The degree of interference of the coagulation process in the MIB removal was proportional to the ratio of ferric hydroxide mass to the PAC mass. For both cases of PAC dosing, upstream and downstream of the coagulant injection point, the MIB removal efficiency was similar. However, MIB removal efficiency was 15% lower when compared with experiments without the coagulant application. This interference in the MIB adsorption occurs potentially because the coagulant coats the surface of the carbon and interferes with the MIB coming in contact with the carbon’s surface and pores. This constraint requires an increase of the PAC dosage to provide the same efficiency observed without coagulation.     

ALR-BAC组合工艺处理溴氨酸废水研究

采用气升式环流反应器(airlift loop reactor,ALR)-生物活性炭(biological activated carbon,BAC)组合工艺处理溴氨酸(bromoamine acid,BAA)废水.结果表明,以SBR方式运行的ALR,在保持进水溴氨酸浓度650 mg.L-1时,反应器稳定运行1个月,溴氨酸色度和COD去除率分别达到90%以上和50%左右,悬浮态菌沉降性能好;当进水溴氨酸浓度>200 mg.L-1时,其脱色产物继续曝气时极易发生自氧化而形成难以生物降解的黄色中间产物.后续的BAC处理体系可有效抑制溴氨酸脱色产物的自氧化,并使其不断被生物降解;当BAC体系中无外加硫酸盐时,Br-和SO42-的浓度随着进水COD的降低而不同程度地增加,最终Br-和SO42-的释放率分别达到72.2%和66.9%,COD去除率为85.7%.