乙氧氟草醚在模拟稻田-鱼塘生态系统中残留动态的研究

在野外稻田-鱼塘模拟系统研究了乙氧氟草醚以规定剂量72g/hm2施用于田间后的残留分布及消解动态?结果表明,施药后4h该药在稻田表水和鱼沟中的浓度分别为29.4和19.6μg/L,在稻田土?鱼塘水和塘泥中的最大浓度分别为0.752,0.006和0.156mg/L?且在各介质中消解迅速,在田表水?塘水?田土中的半衰期分别为4.5,48.8h和7.2d?说明该药对水生生物虽有较高毒性,但在规定使用剂量下,其在稻田及邻近鱼塘中的残留浓度与毒性已降到对其中的水生生物不再有危害的水平?因此可认为该农药在稻田使用对水生生物无实际危害作用?      

稻田使用溴氰菊酯农药对水生生物的安全评价

研究了在稻田－鱼塘生态系统中,模拟稻田使用溴氰菊酯后遇大雨,田水中残留农药流入鱼塘,对塘内水生生物的危害影响。结果表明:供试的鱼、贝类未发现死亡现象;残留、毒性测定结果与危害性实测结果相符。排水口附近供试虾类大量死亡。排水口较远处,虾类的危害影响较轻。虾类对溴氰菊酯有明显的回避性,自然水域中虾类的危害程度比关在网箱内的要小。鱼塘中浮游动物受害十分严重,但２周后即可恢复正常。使用溴氰菊酯农药对稻田养鱼无危害影响。      

溴氰菊酯农药对鱼塘浮游动物影响的研究

建立稻田－鱼塘模拟生态系统。对稻田施用溴氰菊酯农药后,将含有农药的稻田水排入鱼塘,研究鱼塘中浮游动物受影响情况。结果表明：大多数浮游动物对溴氰菊酯敏感,在该系统中测定的枝角类、桡足类、轮虫和原生动物的EC50－24h值分别为0.18、0.30、2.00及0.66μg/L。含农药的稻田水排入鱼塘后,多数浮游动物现存量显著减少,24h后逐渐恢复,2周后可以恢复至正常水平。未对浮游动物造成持久的、不可逆的毒性效应     

丁虫腈稻田使用后对水生生物安全性初探

通过建立稻田-鱼塘模拟生态系统,研究丁虫腈在稻田-鱼塘模拟生态系统中的迁移、转化规律,及其对鱼、虾、蟹水生生物的影响。结果表明,农药丁虫腈乳油施入稻田初期,74.8%被水稻植株沾附,17.3%进入稻田水,稻田水中丁虫腈最高浓度达0.034 mg/L。施药24 h后,将稻田水排入邻近鱼塘,鱼塘水体中丁虫腈最高浓度达0.001 8 mg/L。丁虫腈在稻田水和鱼塘水中降解半衰期分别为5.0 d、8.9 d,丁虫腈在水稻土中很难降解。试验同时表明水生生物虾对丁虫腈较为敏感,对鲫鱼和蟹影响较小。因此丁虫腈稻田施用时,应注意其对虾的安全性影响。     

基于生物有效性的重金属单一及联合毒性研究进展

水环境中的重金属受到水化学性质的影响产生形态变化,导致其对水生生物的生物有效性和毒性的改变。生物配体模型(BLM)考虑了水化学性质对金属的水生生物毒性的影响,可用来预测重金属对水生生物的毒性效应。毒性是金属与生物配体的平衡常数和生物膜上被金属络合的配体位点数量的函数。毒性效应被定义为金属在生物配体上的富集达到或超过一个临界阈值浓度。重点论述了水化学性质对重金属生物有效性的影响、重金属联合毒性评价的研究现状,并对存在的问题进行探讨。     

镍的环境生物地球化学与毒性效应研究进展

目前镍的毒性评价大多基于单一指标和室内控制实验研究,如何综合考虑镍在水环境中的形态及天然复合水化学条件的影响,进而准确预测水体中镍的生物毒性是水质基准及生态风险评估领域的难题.本研究结合国内外最新研究进展,对镍的来源、形态、生物有效性、毒性机理、水质基准和标准及污水处理工艺等进行归纳总结.重点围绕镍的环境行为和毒性效应展开,剖析了水化学因子对镍生物有效性的影响,概述了镍对不同营养级水生生物的毒性表现,总结出镍对淡水水生生物的六大毒性作用机理,展望镍的生物有效性对毒性效应的影响趋势,对我国镍的淡水水生生物水质基准的制定具有重要意义.     

基于稻田湿地的循环水养殖系统水质变化

循环水养殖相比于传统养殖,有环境友好、节约资源等优点,但在实际养殖的过程中往往因为养殖水体的氮、磷等营养盐污染物浓度过高,必须定期换水才能维持鱼类的正常生长。稻田湿地能够高效地降低养殖尾水中的污染物浓度,同时具有良好的经济效益。该研究将稻田湿地引入循环水养殖系统,在南京市六合区构建了一个以稻田湿地为处理单元的循环水养殖鱼塘。为了探究养殖过程中的水质变化规律,对该鱼塘的水质指标进行了检测。结果显示:以稻田湿地为处理单元的循环水养殖系统,在不更换养殖用水的情况下,能够有效地控制水体污染物浓度,并且不会加重稻田湿地沉积物中的氮素及有机碳浓度。但是,该系统仍无法完全消除养殖对水体的影响,且对稻田湿地沉积物中的总磷浓度控制效果不佳。     

人工纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性效应及其机制研究进展

随着纳米科技的飞速发展和纳米产品的普及,人工纳米颗粒(NPs)的生物毒性效应研究逐渐成为国内外关注的热点.以水环境和水生生物为对象,综述了近几年来NPs对水生生物的毒性效应、毒性机制等方面的研究进展.文中按NPs的分类总结了NPs对微生物、藻类、原生动物和鱼类等水生生物的毒性效应,着重论述了NPs的可能毒性机制及其与NPs的独特物理化学性质之间的关系,并在细胞和分子水平上探讨了NPs的摄取、跨膜运输等方面的可能机制.在自然水体中,NPs因其化学行为受水化学条件等影响而表现出不同于实验室研究中的生物毒性效应,本文也对这方面的研究进行了讨论和总结.最后分析了目前水生生物纳米毒性研究中的瓶颈和方法、技术方面的问题,并对以后应注重开展的研究进行了展望.     

溴氰菊酯在水环境中的降解及对三种水生动物的毒性

研究了溴氰菊酯在水环境中的降解及溴氰菊酯对隆线蚤、凡纳对虾、奥利亚罗非鱼的急性毒性。试验结果:溴氰菊酯在试验中的回收率为90.18%~96.58%;40.0μg/L的溴氰菊酯在静止、无底泥的水环境中的消除半衰期为9.43h;溴氰菊酯对平均体重4.6g凡纳对虾的96h LC50为0.0714,初生隆线蚤的24h LC50为0.2203,体重70±5.0g的罗非鱼的96hLC50为29.51μg/L。结果表明:高浓度的溴氰菊酯在水环境中极易降解,而低浓度的溴氰菊酯存在时间较长;三种试验动物中,凡纳对虾对溴氰菊酯的敏感性最强,隆线蚤较弱,而罗非鱼的96h LC50值最高;根据毒性分级标准,溴氰菊酯属于极高毒农药。     

阿特拉津和溴氰菊酯降解规律及其分析方法

研究了阿特拉津（ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ）和溴氰菊酯（ｄｅｌｔａｍｅｔｈｒｉｎ０两类农药在环境介质中的降解行为，详细比较了两者降解性能之间存在的差异，并明确指出它们的降解产物都具有一定的毒性和更强的极性，通过对阿特拉津及其降解产物的研究实例，说明了在研究环境介质中残余微量农药的检测方法时，建立以农药家族及其降解产物为整体的系统分析方法是必要的。     

杀螟松在稻田鱼体中的积累和排除

杀螟松(fenitrothion)又名杀螟硫磷,化学名称为0,0-二甲基-0-(3-甲基-4硝基苯基)硫代磷酸酯,是一种高效、低残留的广谱性杀虫剂。是自六六六停止生产和使用后,国家首批计划大批量生产或组织重点研制的十二种农药之一。在养鱼稻田防治水稻     

Endosulfan is toxic to the reproductive health of male freshwater fish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinion watsoni</Emphasis>

Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide that is toxic to aquatic life. Endosulfan might hamper the reproductive health of indigenous fish in agricultural areas of Pakistan where this pesticide is sprayed widely. The aim of the current study is to investigate the toxic effects of endosulfan on selected reproductive parameters of male freshwater fish, Cyprinion watsoni. Two concentrations of endosulfan (0.5 and 1 ppb for 30 days exposure) were tested for their effects on body weight, body length, and testicular weight, length, and width. Testicular testosterone was assayed from tissue extracts using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A significant increase in the mortality rate was observed in both treated groups during both spawning and quiescent seasons. The overall behavior of fish in the aquarium was normal in all control and treated groups. However, the treated fish exhibited anxiety after treatment with endosulfan. The body weight and length, and testicular weight, length and width were not significantly different to the control group. The testicular testosterone concentrations were significantly lower in both endosulfan-treated groups compared to the control. The decrease was dose-dependent, with a significant difference between the two treated groups. The histomorphological results demonstrated various testicular alterations in the treated groups. These alterations included an increase in interlobular areas and clumping patterns in spermatocytes/spermatids. Because spermatids eventually differentiate into sperms, their low count will directly result in lower sperm count. Taken together, these results suggest that endosulfan is a toxicant that at least disturbs testosterone levels (possibly others) and negatively impacts the reproductive health of male freshwater fish.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

毒死蜱对斜生栅藻急、慢性毒性效应的研究

为了解有机磷农药毒死蜱污染对本土水生敏感性物种斜生栅藻的毒性效应,在实验室条件下采用静态毒性实验,研究了毒死蜱对斜生栅藻96 h急性毒性效应,并在急性试验基础上进行慢性试验,分析了不同浓度毒死蜱存在14 d后斜生栅藻叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白以及丙二醛含量。结果表明,毒死蜱96 h EC50为8.4 mg/L;毒死蜱对斜生栅藻叶绿素a无明显毒性效应;但在前期短时间,低浓度作用下能促进可溶蛋白、MDA含量的上升,但在后期长时间胁迫作用下,总体可溶蛋白、MDA含量呈下降趋势;这说明,可溶蛋白和MDA这两个指标对毒死蜱敏感,可作为生物标志物来指示有机磷农药污染物对水生生物的影响,研究结果可为本土水生敏感性物种的保护和农药安全使用标准的制定提供理论依据。     

用螯合树脂研究光解作用对水中铝形态的影响

本文对用螯合树脂分离水中无机铝和有机铝的方法、螯合树脂的制备及其对无机铝的交换进行了探讨。结果表明,水体中的有机铝在紫外光照射下能分解为无机铝,其分解速度随光照时间的增加而增加。由于无机单聚体铝对鱼类有致毒作用,因此,光解作用的结果使水体中铝的毒性增加。