某铀矿井氡析出量与排氡通风量的估算

在铀矿井中,氡及其子体对工作人员的危害极大,而通风降氡可为井下工作人员创造一个良好的工作环境,确保井下工人的安全和健康.本文根据某铀矿采场中氡的来源,分别探讨了矿体和围岩暴露表面、爆落矿石和地下水的氡析出量的具体估算方法,并估算出排氡及其子体所需风量,取通风量较大者为采场需风量,通过所得采场需风量计算出采场中氡浓度及其...     

Release of Pb adsorbed on graphene oxide surfaces under conditions of Shewanella putrefaciens metabolism

In this study, Pb(II) was used as a target heavy metal pollutant, and the metabolism of Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) was applied to achieve reducing conditions to study the effect of microbial reduction on lead that was preadsorbed on graphene oxide (GO) surfaces. The results showed that GO was transformed to its reduced form (r-GO) by bacteria, and this process induced the release of Pb(II) adsorbed on the GO surfaces. After 72 hr of exposure in an S. putrefaciens system, 5.76% of the total adsorbed Pb(II) was stably dispersed in solution in the form of a Pb(II)-extracellular polymer substance (EPS) complex, while another portion of Pb(II) released from GO-Pb(II) was observed as lead phosphate hydroxide (Pb₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂) precipitates or adsorbed species on the surface of the cell. Additionally, increasing pH induced the stripping of oxidative debris (OD) and elevated the content of dispersible Pb(II) in aqueous solution under the conditions of S. putrefaciens metabolism. These research results provide valuable information regarding the migration of heavy metals adsorbed on GO under reducing conditions due to microbial metabolism.     

低浓度二氧化硫长期暴露对作物生产力的影响

本文报道低浓度 SO₂长期暴露对我国主栽作物生产力的影响。试验结果表明,0.1mg/m3SO₂长期暴露即可对供试作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、马铃薯、白菜的产量产生一定程度的影响。0.25mg/ m3SO₂可使供试作物较大幅度减产。根据实验结果推算,敏感作物减产阈值浓度为0.03~0.05mg/m3,中度敏感作物为0.07mg/m3,抗性作物为0.09~0.17mg/m3。引起禾谷类作物和大豆减产的主要原因是结实率降低。对于物质积累的影响较小。供试作物减产幅度与叶片伤害程度之间无相关关系。      

VOCs污染场地挖掘过程的环境健康风险评价

开展了在典型污染场地修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测实验,并且建立了3条暴露途径对修复过程进行健康风险评价.结果表明,单污染物多途径累计非致癌指数最高的是四氯化碳,高达8.86E+01,其对综合非致癌影响贡献率为74.45%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:1.01E+02,占综合危害指数的84.87%,非致癌综合危害指数为1.19E+02.单污染物多途径累计致癌指数最高的是1,2-二氯乙烷:3.08E-02,其对综合致癌影响贡献率为69.53%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:3.96E-02,占综合致癌指数的89.39%,总致癌危害指数达到4.43E-02.     

Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

Combining hazard,exposure and social vulnerability to provide lessons for flood risk management

Flood risk assessments provide inputs for the evaluation of flood risk management (FRM) strategies. Traditionally, such risk assessments provide estimates of loss of life and economic damage. However, the effect of policy measures aimed at reducing risk also depends on the capacity of households to adapt and respond to floods, which in turn largely depends on their social vulnerability. This study shows how a joint assessment of hazard, exposure and social vulnerability provides valuable information for the evaluation of FRM strategies. The adopted methodology uses data on hazard and exposure combined with a social vulnerability index. The relevance of this state-of-the-art approach taken is exemplified in a case-study of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The results show that not only a substantial share of the population can be defined as socially vulnerable, but also that the population is very heterogeneous, which is often ignored in traditional flood risk management studies. It is concluded that FRM measures, such as individual mitigation, evacuation or flood insurance coverage should not be applied homogenously across large areas, but instead should be tailored to local characteristics based on the socioeconomic characteristics of individual households and neighborhoods.     

西南燃煤型地方病区煤炭和土壤中氟、钼的地球化学行为

氟和钼是广泛存在于表生环境中的人体必需微量元素,但过量摄入会影响人体健康,甚至会诱发地方性疾病。西南燃煤型地方病区部分煤炭和土壤中存在氟、钼富集的情况。本文系统介绍了氟和钼的元素地球化学行为特征和健康危害效应,综述了氟和钼在西南地区高氟高钼地质背景的燃煤型地方病区煤炭和土壤中的分布特征和赋存形态,分析了燃煤型地方病区煤炭开采、堆放和燃烧过程中氟和钼的迁移释放规律。研究认识对于高氟高钼地区氟、钼暴露及防控具有重要的科学价值和实际指导意义。     

广州人群尿液有机磷阻燃剂的暴露与健康风险

针对广州480名普通群众,利用尿液作为检测基质,研究人体内有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPFRs)代谢物的浓度水平,暴露的潜在来源,阐明其健康风险,并与其他包括邻苯二甲酸酯在内的多种有机污染物的健康风险对比筛选出高风险污染物.结果表明,广州居民体内普遍检出OPFRs代谢物,其平均浓度为6.59ng/mL,尤其是二-β,β-氯乙基...     

Two methods to assess vulnerability to climate change in the Mexican agricultural sector

We applied two methods to assess vulnerability to climate change in Mexico’s agricultural sector. The first one was a principal component analysis (PCA) that weighted each variable separately. For the second one, we integrated the variables in a linear array in which all variables were weighted equally, and then, we used the arithmetic sum of the sub-indices of exposure and sensitivity minus the adaptive capacity to obtain the vulnerability index. We discuss the similarities and differences between two methods with respect to municipal-level maps as the outputs. The application of the method for the agricultural sector in Mexico gave us the spatial distribution of the high- and very-high vulnerability categories, which we propose as a tool for policy. The methods agreed that the very-high vulnerability category is present in 39 municipalities. Also we found that 16 % of the total population in the country is located in high-exposure areas. In addition, 41 % lives in municipalities identified as highly-sensitive. In terms of adaptive capacity, 20 % of the population lives in 1273 municipalities with low-adaptive capacity. Finally, we discuss the need for information regarding vulnerability at the national level to guide policies aimed at reducing exposure and sensitivity and increasing adaptive capacity.     

土地利用变化中农户脆弱性研究——一个理论分析框架及基于中国中部五省的调研实证

农村土地流转是发生在我国农村的重要社会经济现象,既关系到土地供给的总体结构与变化,也关系到城市化和工业化的进程,更关系到农户的生存状况。论文在分析当前农户脆弱性研究进展的基础上提出了一种土地利用变化中农户脆弱性理论分析框架,该分析框架包括暴露性指数EI、敏感性指数SI和自适应能力指数AI。根据量化后的SI和AI,可以计算出农户的脆弱性指数VI。论文以中国中部经济区5个省份：河南、湖北、湖南、江西和安徽作为案例研究区域,在大规模农户调研的基础上,选取了定量测度敏感性指数SI和自适应能力指数AI的指标体系,运用几何平均数算法对其进行量化,并由此分别计算出各省份农地转入户和转出户的脆弱性指数VI。最后,论文将农户脆弱性指数VI与暴露性指数（流转面积强度EI_A和流转时间强度EI_T）的关系进行了分析。     

Post-disaster recovery dilemmas: challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction

Following disasters, governments often clamor to quickly reduce risk, rebuild communities and restore permanence. The pressure to urgently address complex, difficult decisions can result in reactive policies that may increase long-term vulnerability of affected populations. Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the 26 December 2004 tsunami represents such an example: a hastily designed coastal buffer zone policy has incited massive relocation of affected populations and resulted in social, economic and environmental problems that threaten the well-being of poor coastal communities. We review the impacts of this policy from its inception, days after the tsunami hit the island, until its revision, approximately 10 months following the disaster. We then apply a framework to conceptualize the components of vulnerability within Sri Lanka's coastal, human–environment system and to identify where post-disaster policies should focus to reduce vulnerability of coastal populations more effectively. From this analysis, it is apparent that the buffer zone policy gave disproportionate attention to reducing exposure to future tsunamis and, subsequently, did not address the critical social, economic and institutional factors that influenced sensitivity to the hazard. Post-disaster policies aimed at sustainable re-development should be informed by an analysis of the components of vulnerability that comprise a system and how these can be most effectively influenced during the separate short-term and long-term phases of rebuilding.     

WTO and Integrated Product Policy (IPP): trade law implications for the use of product policy instruments to reduce the risk of exposure and harm from hazardous substances in the life cycle of personal computers

This paper analyses the implications of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) trade rules for the use of product policy instruments in a potential Integrated Product Policy (IPP) approach to reducing the life cycle impacts of products. To demonstrate these implications, an example of the policy instruments for reducing the risk of exposure and harm from hazardous substances in the life cycle of personal computers (PCs) is used. The product policy instruments examined include regulatory instruments, economic instruments, compulsory information instruments, voluntary information instruments and voluntary agreements. It is found that the WTO rules do limit the ability of governments to use trade-restrictive, mandatory measures to address both the risks associated with uncertainty and limited knowledge and the upstream life cycle phases of raw material extraction and production processes of imported products. Governments have more leeway in the use of economic and voluntary instruments.     

永胜程海螺旋藻养殖废水对农田土壤的影响分析

程海螺旋藻养殖废水拟在对其COD、pH、SS进行初级处理后，抽入黄泥田水库稀释，降低其含盐量后用于农灌，分析研究证明，只要可溶性盐量控制在1000PPm以下，就不会对农田造成大的影响。     

甲醛对原癌基因c-myc、MDM2及抑癌基因p53的影响

为研究吸入性甲醛的毒性能否进入动物骨髓组织,引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变,选择小鼠某些原癌基因和抑癌基因为研究对象,以SPF级balb/c雄性小鼠为材料,采用动态吸入方式染毒2周(5+2模式),染毒浓度分别为0, 0.5, 3.0mg/m3,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度甲醛对小鼠染毒后骨髓组织细胞中c-myc、MDM2和p53基因表达的变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,小鼠骨髓组织中的c-myc基因,MDM2基因和p53基因表达均发生改变,在3.0mg/m3浓度组与空白对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05), c-myc基因,MDM2基因呈现表达上调,p53基因则呈现表达下调.吸入性甲醛的毒性能进入动物骨髓组织,并能引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变.     

中国工业能源消费强度的影响因素研究——基于省域工业数据的实证分析

基于分解方法,把中国各省域1985-2008年间不同时期的工业能源消费强度变化分解为规模效应、结构效应和技术效应。结果表明:规模效应、技术效应和结构效应在不同省域及不同的时段内,强度和方向都有所不同。规模效应在1985-1995、1995-2004年间两个时期都是工业能源消费增长的主导因素,且随着时间推进,作用强度也在显著增加;同时规模效应强度的区域差异并不显著;而在2004-2008年间,规模效应则出现明显分异,增长能源与节约能源两种效应同时并存。技术效应在1995-2004、2004-2008年两个时期都是朝着节约工业能源的方向发展,表明随着时间的推进,技术效应在各个省域的作用在逐步显现,但其大小对不同区域来说有所不同;在1985-1995年时期内,技术效应的大小和方向都不一。总体来看,技术进步的节能效应在一些省域有待提高,这样才有助于"积极主动"地促进工业能源消费降低。结构效应在三个时期方向不一,仅在少数地区表现为节能作用;且较之以上两种效应,结构效应的作用强度较小;结构效应与各地区工业发展阶段密切相关,其节能潜力仍需充分挖掘。     

隧道工人的PM10职业暴露特征调查分析及其健康风险评价

针对隧道工人职业健康风险缺乏定量评价方法的现状,借鉴公共环境健康领域暴露评价模型对隧道施工PM10职业暴露的健康风险进行定量评价.设计职业暴露问卷对湖北麻竹高速公路某标段施工中的250名隧道工人进行了调查,并对现场PM10浓度水平进行了监测.结果表明,隧道工人的PM10暴露浓度水平相当高,开挖工、爆破工、支护工、出渣工、二衬工的PM10暴露浓度分别为限值的83倍、18倍、8倍、9倍和9倍;5个工种比较,二衬工日均暴露时间最长,达11.48 h·d-1,能量代谢率最高,达1 067.43 k J·(m2·h)-1,呼吸速率的计算结果显示除二衬工属于重度活动以外,其他4个工种均为中度活动;评价结果显示5个工种均存在健康风险,其中,PM10暴露浓度高是开挖工和爆破工危险系数高的主要原因,而二衬工危险系数高的原因则在于高劳动强度所致的较高的呼吸速率以及较高的日均暴露时间.降低隧道工人PM10健康风险可行的途径是通过配备合适劳动作业的呼吸防护用品从而降低PM10暴露浓度,另外可通过制定相应的职业规范设置合理的劳动年限从而减少持续暴露时间.     

2024-T62铝合金涂层外场腐蚀环境下电化学性能研究

目的评估自然暴露条件下涂层的耐蚀性能。方法选取西沙热带海洋环境作为自然暴晒场,开展2024-T62铝合金涂层(N1和N2)在湿热暴露、紫外照射、盐雾等综合腐蚀环境下的外场暴晒试验,利用电化学测试方法对暴晒后涂层在3.5%Na Cl溶液中浸泡不同时间的耐蚀性能进行研究。结果铝合金涂层外场暴晒试验后,电化学阻抗值下降,综合腐蚀环境具有显明的加速作用。随着在3.5%Na Cl溶液的浸泡时间增加,C_(coat)-T值不断增大,Rcoat值不断减小。结论 N1铝合金涂层暴晒件电化学阻抗值较高,具有较强的耐蚀性能。     

PBPK模型在苯并[α]芘健康风险评估中的应用探讨

苯并[α]芘〔benzo[α]pyrene,BaP〕是环境中广泛存在的一种致癌多环芳烃,带来的健康风险受到普遍关注. 基于生理的药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetic, PBPK)模型是一种预测污染物在生物体内部剂量的数学模型,近年来在健康风险评估中应用广泛. 本文介绍了BaP对生物体的健康危害,概述了BaP的PBPK模型研究进展,指出了BaP人体PBPK模型存在BaP及代谢物的代谢机理尚未完全明确、代谢参数可靠性不高、模型还需继续完善等问题,并探讨了PBPK模型在BaP健康风险评估中的应用. 一方面,PBPK模型在阐明内暴露监测结果及补充完善污染物在人体内的代谢机理方面具有明显优势,基于PBPK模型分析完善了BaP生物标志物3-羟基苯并[α]芘在肾小管重吸收的肾脏排泄机制;另一方面,PBPK模型作为外推工具,通过种间外推可以量化污染物的种间药代动力学差异,减小动物健康剂量水平外推至人体基准值的不确定性;通过体外到体内的外推可以关联内外暴露剂量,利用反剂量学推导人体健康基准值. 这两种外推方法的应用均可以提高人体健康基准值推导的科学性、准确性. 并以BaP为例剖析了PBPK模型不确定性来源,提出了提高模型精确性的方法. 最后,为了进一步推动完善BaP的人体健康风险评估方法体系,本文探讨总结了3个重点研究方向:一是探索PBPK模型应用于BaP健康风险评估的方法体系;二是探索可靠性更高的BaP健康风险评估概率模型;三是开展BaP的生物标志物用于人体健康风险评估可行性研究.      

环境容量使用权：为节能减排立法

20世纪90年代以来,中国经济发展进入了快速增长阶段,同时也付出了巨大的资源和环境代价。节能减排,成为评价经济发展、考验环境自净能力的约束性指标和必然的政策选择。环境容量使用权理论表明,可转让的环境容量使用权有利于外部性内部化。节能减排立法的重点是权利安排,本文借鉴环境容量使用权理论,并结合国内外环境容量使用权的交易机制以及节能减排的国际行动等实践经验,提出水、土、气等基本要素环境容量总量控制与节能减排目标分解设想,旨在为建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,应对全球气候变化提供相应的政策选择,为今后的法律行动提供框架性建议。     

基于系统动力学的建筑施工安全系统脆弱性仿真分析

为系统分析建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,首先探讨了社会技术系统理论下各子系统影响因素之间的高接触与紧耦合性的特点;然后以脆弱性理论为切入点,建立了建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用三角模糊数和层次分析法确定了模型中各影响因素的权重系数和相关方程参数;最后通过考虑不同子系统的投入方案对建筑施工安全系统脆弱性的暴露度、敏感度和适应度的影响程度进行仿真分析。结果表明:建筑施工安全系统具有脆弱倾向性;个人子系统、技术子系统和组织管理子系统分别对降低安全系统暴露度、敏感度和提高安全系统适应度有显著的作用,在整个仿真周期内各子系统每单位投入产生的变化幅度分别为17.07%、11.13%和15.60%,并围绕起关键作用的子系统提出了针对性建议,以期降低建筑施工安全系统的脆弱性风险,提高工程安全管理水平。