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杞麓湖南岸蔬菜种植区农业面源污染物流失特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对杞麓湖南岸区域的农业面源污染物流失进行了现场观测。区域农业面源污染物主要通过灌溉后的农田废水和降雨径流2种途径流失。农田废水经循环利用后氮磷素的浓度较杞麓湖湖水明显升高,TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、PO43-P和CODcr的均值分别为11.48mg/L、2.39mg/L、8.27mg/L、0.504mg/L、0.149mg/L、62.3mg/L。农田径流的TN平均值范围为20.18±2.45—65.77±14.32mg/L,TP平均值范围为0.5±0.14-1.28±0.5mg/L,COD平均值范围为50±22~110±81mg/L,农田径流呈现出“高氮中磷低有机质”的特征。 相似文献
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通过对滇中抚仙湖、星云湖和杞麓湖1988~2005年总氮、总磷浓度的变化研究,发现抚仙湖全湖总氮平均浓度为0.179mg/L,总磷平均浓度为0.009mg/L;星云湖总氮为0.926mg/L,总磷0.075mg/L;杞麓湖总氮为2.446mg/L,总磷0.055mg/L.抚仙湖水质明显优于星云湖和杞麓湖,星云湖次之,杞麓湖水质呈逐年恶化趋势. 相似文献
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滇中三大湖泊氮、磷水质变化趋势研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过对滇中抚仙湖、星云湖和杞麓湖1988~2005年总氮、总磷浓度的变化研究,发现抚仙湖全湖总氮平均浓度为0.179mg/L,总磷平均浓度为0.009mg/L;星云湖总氮为0.926mg/L,总磷0.075mg/L;杞麓湖总氮为2.446mg/L,总磷0.055mg/L。抚仙湖水质明显优于星云湖和杞麓湖,星云湖次之,杞麓湖水质呈逐年恶化趋势。 相似文献
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农业生产效率对农业用水量的影响 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
2016年中国农业用水量占用水总量的60%以上,水资源成为国家农业安全的重要保障,而影响农业用水量的因素较多。论文首先采用非期望产出的Super-SBM模型测度1998—2015年中国30个省份(西藏、香港、澳门、台湾缺少资料,未计算)的农业生产效率,再利用非参数核密度估计演示主要年份农业生产效率和农业用水量的动态变化,然后借鉴Hansen的门槛模型检验农业生产效率对农业用水量的“门槛效应”。结果表明:1)我国农业生产效率呈倒“U”型走势,省际间差异性减弱;农业用水量先下降后上升,省际间差距存在扩大的趋势。2)提高农业生产效率是降低农业用水量的有效途径,农业生产效率对农业用水量存在显著的“门槛抑制效应”,抑制强度呈“N”型走势。3)扩大粮食作物种植比例、增加农村劳动力和提高农村居民收入均能有效抑制农业用水量增加,而水资源禀赋、水利投资和耕地灌溉面积与农业用水量呈正相关性,农民受教育水平回归结果不显著。 相似文献
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我国耕地利用效率的区域差异及其收敛性研究 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11
基于地均种植业产值、地均劳动力及各种农业生产物质的投入情况,以耕地利用效率为主要研究对象,运用随机前沿生产函数方法计算了1990-2008年间中国各省区的耕地利用效率并对其时空变化规律进行了分析。研究表明:现阶段我国耕地利用仍以物资成本的投入为主,我国耕地产出的提高主要依赖于化肥使用量的增加,机械化程度的提高对其影响不大;我国耕地利用效率的整体水平不高,大部分地区耕地的实际产出与现有投入水平下的潜在产出之间存在较大差距,说明现阶段我国农业生产中存在着物质投入的严重浪费;近20 a来,我国耕地利用效率虽然逐渐提高,但提高的速率有着下降的趋势;省际间耕地利用效率有着明显的差异,而且表现出东、中、西部聚集的特征,与地区间经济发展差异不同的是,东部地区耕地平均效率最高,西部次之,中部地区的耕地利用效率最低;最后,在中国过去的近20 a里,全国范围内耕地利用效率虽有收敛的迹象,全域性的β-收敛特征并不显著,但中国的东、中、西三大地带内部却表现出较强的β-收敛特征。从区域收敛的稳态值看,东、西部地区的结果非常接近,而且均显示东部地带高于西部地带、西部地带高于中部地带的基本特征,这意味着随着时间的推移,中国的三大经济带将各自收敛于一个更高的耕地利用效率上。 相似文献
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Agri-environmental policies are challenging to be evaluated since they are often implemented in combination with other policies and regulations affecting agriculture. Also input and output markets affect agriculture. We provide impact assessment of agri-environmental scheme implemented in Finland 2007–2013 based on integrated economic and hydrological modelling and counterfactual scenarios. Development of crop specific fertilisation and land use changes, simulated using a multi-regional economic sector model, is included in a nutrient leaching model implemented in a typical agricultural region. Our results on agricultural production, land use, and nitrogen leaching show that the agri-environmental policy successfully mitigates nutrient leaching in intensive production regions but some mitigation potential is lost in less intensive regions. 相似文献
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针对河南省9个县(市)中9个乡(镇)的农户沼气使用情况,按比例选择不同生态模式,入户调查了沼气建设前后农户各类能源消耗情况,农业生产投入与产出等80多项指标,定量对比分析了沼气户与非沼气户在能源消耗量及消耗成本、种植业和养殖业发展以及主要气体污染物减排等情况。结果表明沼气建设项目的实施大大降低了传统能源消耗量和消耗成本,促进了种植业和养殖业的发展,减少了污染物的排放,改善了农户居住环境,提高了作物产量,增加了农民收入,具有明显的能源效益、经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。 相似文献
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Jesper Hedal Kløverpris 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(4):463-470
In a previous study, the global agricultural expansion caused by wheat consumption in four different countries was modelled with the aim of establishing land use life cycle inventories. The previous study estimated the areas affected by expansion (in terms of square meters) but did not explain how to characterise these areas. The present study ascribes so-called biomes (natural potential vegetation) to the areas affected by agricultural expansion in order to provide a basis for assessing the environmental impacts from land use in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The methodology builds on agricultural statistics and maps of global agricultural areas and the global distribution of biomes. The application of the method is illustrated with four examples. The results indicate that agricultural expansion on land suited for crop cultivation (cultivable land) typically affects forest biomes or potential grassland/steppe, whereas expansion on land suited for grazing but not for crop cultivation (grazable land) typically occurs on potential shrubland or a few other biomes depending on the region. Some uncertainty applies to the results but it is concluded that it is feasible to identify biomes affected by agricultural expansion and that the biomes can therefore be used as a starting point for land use LCIA. 相似文献
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Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage. 相似文献
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农业化学投入与农业经济增长脱钩关系研究——基于华东6省1市数据 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
论文选取华东6省1市2001—2014年的数据,分析了农业面源污染控制背景下的农业化学与农业经济增长的Tapio脱钩关系,并通过LMDI分解将农业化学投入增长的影响因素归结为规模效应、耕地效应和效率效应,最后对2014年华东6省1市农业化学效率状况进行K-means聚类。结果表明:农业面源污染控制背景下,农业化学与农业经济增长呈现出从扩张性负脱钩到相对脱钩,再到绝对脱钩的转变;农业化学投入物量的增加主要来自于耕地效应的作用,效率效应可以减缓农业化学投入物量的增长,规模效应的作用不明显;从空间格局的聚类结果上看,上海、江苏、浙江、福建、江西和山东的农业经济增长对农业化学品生产资料依赖程度较低,安徽省的依赖程度较高。总之,农业经济可以在农业化学化控制背景下得到持续增长,农业面源污染要得到进一步的控制,需要在采用多种农业增效手段、提高农业化学投入利用效率和采取差异化的区域农业化学投入减量控制政策着手。 相似文献
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常熟市农业和农村污染的优先控制区域识别 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
农业和农村污染发生的广域性、分散性和随机性等特征,使得农村污染治理难以抓住重点.在乡镇级单元尺度上,采用清单分析法,核算江苏省常熟市农田种植(化学肥料施用和作物秸秆遗弃)、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、农村生活(生活污水和人粪尿、生活垃圾)共4类6种农业和农村污染源的化学需氧量(COD)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)排放量和排放强度,采用聚类分析法,通过敏感性评价识别出农业和农村污染的优先控制区域和优先控制污染源,从而使得农业和农村污染控制与管理措施更具针对性.结果表明,2007年常熟市农业和农村污染源COD、TN和TP的排放量分别为5496.07、4161.03、647.54t.a-1,COD、TN和TP的排放强度分别为48.84、36.98、5.75kg.hm-2.COD的主要污染源是农村生活和水产养殖,贡献率在75%以上,TN和TP的主要污染源是农田种植和水产养殖,贡献率在80%以上.敏感性评价识别出古里镇和沙家浜镇是常熟市农业和农村污染的优先控制区域,农田种植和水产养殖是优先控制区域内要优先控制的污染源. 相似文献
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东辽县畜禽养殖污染现状及对策研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据第一次全国污染源普查成果,对东辽县畜禽养殖业污染现状进行了介绍,指出了畜禽养殖污染主要是专业化畜禽养殖造成的,专业化畜禽养殖污染是农村面源污染的主要来源,已成为影响环境质量的重要因素。据此,提出了防治畜禽养殖污染的对策。 相似文献