辽宁省大型底栖无脊椎动物耐污值及水质评价

根据采自辽宁省河流、水库、湖泊及河口湿地水体的209个大型底栖无脊椎动物样本,以及文献记载数据,依据其系统发育、亲缘关系和相同栖息地环境等进行推算,确定了辽宁省大型底栖无脊椎动物耐污值332个。利用上述耐污值并结合BI指数法对辽河、浑河、太子河流域内20个采样点所获得的大型底栖无脊椎动物监测数据进行分析与评价,结果显示各河流上游段水质良好,中下游河段水质较差。     

永定河底栖动物生物完整性指数构建与健康评价

构建大型底栖动物生物完整性指数是河流健康评价与河流修复的重要步骤.根据2017年4月永定河流域23个采样点的大型底栖动物生物监测数据,基于监测点水质状况与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分,选择潮白河水系大型底栖动物类群相似且人为干扰较小的5个监测点作为参照区域,构建永定河B-IBI（大型底栖动物生物完整性指数）.通过对大型底栖动物33个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析和Spearman相关性检验,最终确定永定河B-IBI由总分类单元数、蜉蝣目（E）-襀翅目（P）-毛翅目（T）个体相对丰度、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、摇蚊科个体相对丰度、敏感类群分类单元数、科级耐污指数（family biotic index,FBI值）等6个核心参数构成.采用生物完整性研究中常用的比值法和三分法构建的B-IBI评价得分体系.结果表明,两种方法计算出的B-IBI均具有较高的判别能力,均能较好地判别参照水体和受损水体的健康状况,二者具有较高的相关性和一致性（R>0.90）.永定河河流健康评价结果表明,洋河、桑干河和永定河干流监测点B-IBI平均得分分别为1.97、1.86和1.78,妫水河B-IBI平均值为2.48,23个采样点中有16个处于较差状态,7个处于一般状态.相关性分析表明,B-IBI指数与栖息地质量综合评估指数得分、ρ（DO）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NH₄+）、浊度、电导率呈显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于栖息地人为干扰和水质污染均具有较强的指示作用.研究显示,永定河大型底栖动物生物完整性基本丧失,全流域底栖动物群落呈现全面退化趋势,识别影响大型底栖动物群落的关键要素、恢复永定河河流生态系统结构和功能研究亟待开展.      

基于大型底栖动物完整性指数的新疆额尔齐斯河健康评价

为建立我国西北地区跨境河流生态系统健康的评价指标与标准,应用B-IBI (benthic-index of biotic integrity,底栖动物完整性指数)评价新疆额尔齐斯河流域的健康状况. 于2012年7月、8月、10月及2013年5月在额尔齐斯河全流域设10个典型采样点,进行4次大型底栖动物调查,从23个候选生物指标中筛选出适用于构建额尔齐斯河B-IBI评价体系的参数,主要包括总分类单元数、EPT(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)分类单元数、前3位优势分类单元个体相对丰度、襀翅目个体相对丰度和黏附者个体相对丰度. 以参照点B-IBI的25%分位数作为健康评价标准来确定B-IBI的评价等级:B-IBI>2.04为极好,1.53＜B-IBI≤2.04为好,1.02＜B-IBI≤1.53为一般,0.51＜B-IBI≤1.02为差,B-IBI≤0.51为极差. 结果表明:在所有采样点中,6个采样点处于健康状况极好或好的状态,3个采样点健康状况一般,1个采样点健康状况较差;各采样点B-IBI在不同月份变化各异. 整体来看,额尔齐斯河的水体健康状况较好,但局部河段水体受到不同程度污染. 基于B-IBI的健康评价结果与其他生物指数〔Chandler计分制生物指数、BMWP(biological monitoring working party)分数系统分值〕评价结果相一致,表明所构建的B-IBI评价指标与标准对额尔齐斯河的健康状况评估具有较好的适用性,可作为额尔齐斯河流域水体环境监测的一种有效手段.      

漓江大型底栖动物群落时空分布及水质生物评价

于2012年1月(枯水期)和8月(丰水期)在漓江上游甘棠江段、中游大圩江段和下游福利江段采集到大型底栖动物样品共374个,采用均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分析了漓江大型底栖动物的多样性.结果表明,漓江水系大型底栖动物群落结构的时空分布差异显著,枯水期采集到42个分类单元、8632个底栖动物,物种数和个体数均少于丰水期采集到的46个分类单元、10842个底栖动物,但枯水期主要河段的物种多样性比丰水期要好.漓江中、下游大型底栖动物的功能摄食类群均以刮食者为主,表明中、下游生态系统的初级生产力属性要高于上游.采用BI指数(Biotic Index)对漓江各江段进行水质生物评价,结果显示,漓江水系枯水期的水生态质量要优于丰水期;上游和下游水生态质量相对较好,中游水生态质量较差.因此,建议在丰水期加强漓江中游大圩段的环境保护力度,提高漓江整体水生态质量.     

影响浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构的环境因子分析

于2012年5~6月对浑太河流域66个采样点的大型底栖动物进行调查采样.共采集到大型底栖动物72(属)种,其中水生昆虫51(属)种,占70.83%,环节动物7(属)种,占9.72%;节肢动物(属)4种,占5.56%;软体动物(属)10种,占13.89%.首先,采用相关分析从6类28个候选指标中筛选出EPT分类单元数、优势分类单元个体相对丰度、蜉蝣目相对丰度、毛翅目相对丰度、软体动物相对丰度、扁蜉科/蜉蝣目相对丰度、纹石蛾科/毛翅目相对丰度、寡毛类动物相对丰度、敏感类群相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度、收集者相对丰度、黏附者相对丰度、香农-威纳多样性指数共13个指标用于表征浑太河流域大型底栖动物群落结构特征.然后,利用RDA方法分析了自然环境因子和反映人类活动压力的环境因子对大型底栖动物空间分异的影响.利用偏冗余分析(pRDA)比较了自然环境因子与人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构影响的大小,以及流域、河岸缓冲区和河段尺度人类活动压力因子对大型底栖动物的影响.结果表明,所有环境因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间变异的72.23%.纳入分析的人类活动压力因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的48.9%,纳入分析的自然环境因子解释了底栖动物群落结构空间变异的11.8%.河段尺度人类活动压力因子对底栖动物群落结构空间分异影响最显著.河段尺度人类活动压力因子可解释底栖动物群落结构空间分异的35.3%,其中,显著环境因子p H、栖息地质量、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、硬度、电导率、总溶解颗粒物和氨氮分别解释了4%、3.6%、1.8%、1.7%、1.7%、0.9%、0.9%和0.9%的底栖动物群落结构空间分异.河岸缓冲区和流域尺度土地利用对大型底栖动物空间分异的贡献分别为10%和7%.最后,采用相关分析比较了流域和河岸缓冲区尺度土地利用与水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质的关系,结果表明流域尺度土地利用能更好地表征河流水质、水文、栖息地质量以及底质状况,也说明不同尺度环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响有联合效应.     

辽河流域河流生态系统健康的多指标评价方法

多指标综合评价是当前河流生态系统健康评价的发展趋势. 根据辽河流域2005年水生态监测数据,构建了涵盖水体物理化学、水生生物和河流物理栖息地质量要素的健康候选指标体系. 采用主成分分析与相关性分析方法对评价指标进行了筛选,以此构建了由五日生化需氧量、溶解氧、电导率、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群数、着生藻类Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、底栖动物完整性指数、河流物理栖息地质量综合指数等10个指标构成的河流健康综合评价指标体系. 以改进的灰色关联方法作为评价方法,评判多指标下的河流健康等级状况. 结果表明,辽河流域的25个采样点中有3个达到“健康”等级,14个达到“亚健康”等级,其余则为“较差”和“极差”等级,其中健康与亚健康等级采样点均位于辽河源头以及支流上游区,受人类活动干扰较小,而较差和极差等级主要位于辽河中下游河段;城市和工业排污是影响河流健康的主要原因.      

滦河流域土地利用对大型底栖动物生物指数的路径分析

基于滦河流域65个样点的河流景观与大型底栖动物调查数据,分别采用回归分析、排序分析等统计方法和结构方程模型,探讨了流域尺度的土地利用格局对大型底栖动物群落及其重要生物指数的影响路径.结果表明:1)对大型底栖动物群落结构产生影响的主要水环境和物理生境是电导率、全氮含量和细粒物质比例;2)基于关键因子构建的结构方程模型,分别对底栖动物生物完整性指数、香农-威纳多样性指数和总分类单元数指数的总体解释度达到47%、33%和47%,其路径分析结果指出,流域土地利用格局(耕地%、草地%)影响水环境状况(氨氮、总磷、电导率),进而影响了大型底栖动物群落结构及生态功能.研究表明结构方程模型可有效探讨流域尺度土地利用格局对河流大型底栖动物影响的路径,相关结果可为了解不同尺度人类活动对河流生物的影响过程,以及河流生态修复提供重要的参考依据.     

长江支流桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

中小河流数量众多,分布广泛,其健康状况将直接影响和决定着大江大河的生态系统健康,如何准确、合理的评估中小河流的健康状况,已经成为世界性的科学问题.本研究以长江一级支流桥边河为例,于2019年1月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）在河道的上中下游设置8个采样点,进行桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构调查,利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、耐污值法和科级生物指数法（FBI）分别对各样点进行水质生物评价.调查结果显示,枯水期采集到底栖动物17个分类单元,共283个底栖动物;丰水期采集到16个分类单元,共301个底栖动物,丰水期大型底栖动物个体数略高于枯水期.水质生物评价结果显示,桥边河水质状况时空差异性明显,丰水期的水质状况优于枯水期,空间尺度上丰枯水期水质状况均为上游段 > 中游段 > 下游段.3种水质生物评价法对比分析显示,FBI科级生物指数的评价结果与实际情况更吻合,更适合桥边河水质评价,其研究结果可为中小河流生态系统健康评价提供参考.     

太子河流域土地利用对大型底栖动物功能摄食类群的影响

水生生物群落功能结构研究不仅是河流生态学的基础,也有助于更好地剖析水生生物对环境压力的响应关系.为探明土地利用对大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）的影响,于2009年5月对太子河流域47个采样点（6个参照样点、41个受损样点）的大型底栖动物进行调查,分析其FFGs结构及与流域土地利用类型（森林用地、草业用地、农业用地和城镇用地）和环境因子的关系.结果表明:①受损样点的ALT（海拔）、WT（水温）、EC、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（PO₄3--P）均显著高于参照样点.②受损样点捕食者、刮食者与撕食者的相对丰度、丰富度及密度、直接收集者丰富度、刮食者的Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou指数、直接收集者与捕食者Margalef指数和刮食者Simpson指数均显著低于参照样点,而直接收集者的相对丰度则显著高于参照样点.③Spearman相关性分析结果表明,农业用地和城镇用地比例增加会造成河流水质恶化及大型底栖动物FFGs结构发生变化.④CCA结果表明,EC是影响大型底栖动物FFGs结构分布的主要环境因子.研究显示,大型底栖动物FFGs对太子河流域农业活动与城镇化的响应敏感,可以为利用大型底栖动物FFGs监测流域环境压力提供理论支持.      

北京北运河河流生态系统健康评价

随着城市化的不断推进,北京河流生态系统面临着巨大挑战.以北京市北运河水系为例,于2015年7月对25个样点进行了野外调查,采集了浮游植物、底栖动物、水环境因子和栖息地环境质量数据.选取涵盖水生生物、水文、水质和栖息地的22个候选评价指标,采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和相关分析进行筛选,并用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,构建了北运河河流生态系统健康评价指标体系,通过河流生态健康综合指数对其健康状况进行了评价.结果表明,北运河河流生态系统健康评价指标体系包含浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、水温、生化需氧量、氨氮、氟化物、锌、石油类和栖息地环境质量评价指标(qualitative habitat evaluation index,QHEI)9项指标;全流域25个样点中,有12%为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,36%为Ⅲ级,超过50%为Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级.北运河河流生态系统的健康状况总体较差,其中,上游地区普遍较好,中下游地区相对较差,且呈现出较强的空间异质性.南沙河、清河中游、通惠河干流的健康状况普遍较差,相对较好的凉水河上游地区和温榆河支流交错镶嵌其中,形成了北运河水系复杂的河流生态系统现状.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.