Impact of environmental factors on the sampling rate of β-blockers and sulfonamides from water by a carbon nanotube-passive sampler

Passive techniques are a constantly evolving approach to the long-term monitoring of micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, in the aquatic environment. This paper presents, for the first time, the calibration results of a new CNTs-PSDs (carbon nanotubes used as a sorbent in passive sampling devices) with an examination of the effect of donor phase salinity, water pH and the concentration of dissolved humic acids (DHAs), using both ultrapure and environmental waters. Sampling rates (R_s) were determined for the developed kinetic samplers. It has been observed that the impact of the examined environmental factors on the R_s values strictly depends on the type of the analytes. In the case of β-blockers, the only environmental parameter affecting their uptake rate was the salinity of water. A certain relationship was noted, namely the higher the salt concentration in water, the lower the R_s values of β-blockers. In the case of sulfonamides, water salinity, water pH 7–9 and DHAs concentration decreased the uptake rate of these compounds by CNTs-PSDs. The determined R_s values differed in particular when the values obtained from the experiments carried out using ultrapure water and environmental waters were compared. The general conclusion is that the calibration of novel CNTs-PSDs should be carried out under physicochemical conditions of the aquatic phase that are similar to the environmental matrix.     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

Sources, distribution, and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in Nairobi City, Kenya

The distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air and surface waters were monitored in Nairobi City using triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The SPMDs were extracted by dialysis using n-hexane, followed by cleanup by adsorption chromatography on silica gel cartridges. Sample analysis was done by GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS. Separation of means was achieved by analysis of variance, followed by pair-wise comparison using the t-test (p≤ 0.05). The total OCPs ranged between 0.018 – 1.277 ng/m³ in the air and <LOD – 1391.000 ng/m³ in surface waters. Based on the results, the means of Industrial Area, Dandora and Kibera were not significantly different (p≤ 0.05), but were higher (p≤ 0.05) than those of City square and Ngong’ Forest. The results revealed non-significant (p≤ 0.05) contribution of long-range transport to OCP pollution in Nairobi City. This indicated possible presence of point sources of environmental OCPs in the city. The water-air fugacity ratios indicated that volatilization and deposition played an important role in the spatial distribution of OCPs in Nairobi City. This indicated that contaminated surface waters could be major sources of human exposure to OCPs, through volatilization. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) determined from inhalation of atmospheric OCPs were 2.3745  ×  10^?13 – 1.6845  ×  10^?11 (adult) and 5.5404  ×  10^?13 – 3.9306  ×  10^?11 (child) in the order: Dandora > Kibera > Industrial Area > City Square > Ngong’ Forest. However, these were lower than the USEPA acceptable risks, 10^?6 – 10^?4. This study concluded that atmospheric OCPs did not pose significant cancer risks to the residents.     

Sorption kinetics of parent and substituted PAHs for low-density polyethylene (LDPE): Determining their partition coefficients between LDPE and water (KLDPE) for passive sampling

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been widely used as a sorbent for passive sampling of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments. However, it has seen only limited application in passive sampling for measurement of freely dissolved concentrations of parent and substituted PAHs (SPAHs), which are known to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Here, the 16 priority PAHs and some typical PAHs were selected as target compounds and were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Some batch experiments were conducted in the laboratory to explore the adsorption kinetics of the target compounds in LDPE membranes. The results showed that both PAHs and SPAHs could reach equilibrium status within 19–38?days in sorption kinetic experiments. The coefficients of partitioning between LDPE film (50?μm thickness) and water (K_LDPE) for the 16 priority PAHs were in good agreement with previously reported values, and the values of K_LDPE for the 9 SPAHs are reported in this study for the first time. Significant linear relationships were observed, i.e., log K_LDPE?=?0.705?×?log K_OW?+?1.534 for PAHs (R²?=?0.8361, p?<?0.001) and log K_LDPE?=?0.458?×?log K_OW?+?3.092 for SPAHs (R²?=?0.5609, p?=?0.0077). The selected LDPE film was also proven to meet the condition of “zero sink” for the selected target compounds. These results could provide basic support for the configuration and in situ application of passive samplers.     

被动扩散监测技术的应用

被动扩散技术以其低成本、操作简单、空间覆盖率较高等优点现已在西方发达国家广泛应用于环境空气质量监测及调查研究。作为欧盟——辽宁综合环境项目空气质量管理项目的一部分辽宁省自 2 0 0 0年 9月在沈阳、抚顺两市进行了为期 6个月 (每月采样一次 )的被动扩散管调查 ,所监测的污染物有 NO2 、SO2 、O3和苯系物     

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) probe for effectively sampling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in waters and sediments

The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area (3.1 cm²). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area (27 cm²) and as a result lower method quantification limits (0.15 – 0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher (by > 10 factors) sampling rate (100 mL/day) compared to the standard DGT (piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling (500 mL). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.     

被动扩散采样在大气环境监测中的应用

通过被动监测同自动监测方法对比,充分体现出被动监测的优越性和可行性,分析结果表明被动监测同样适用于环境空气质量评价。     

应用被动扩散管采样监测室内环境空气中的SO_2和NO_2

辽宁省环境监测中心站引进英国的扩散管和监测分析技术,把它应用于室内污染物监测。在沈阳、抚顺两市布 设室内监测点位15个,包括燃煤户和燃气户,监测室内环境中SO2和NO2,调查持续了6个月(每个样品采集时间为一个 月),试验对燃煤户和燃气户结果进行了比较,结果充分体现出辽宁省燃煤加重SO2污染的特点。     

大气污染对儿童唾液溶菌酶含量的影响

本文分析了重庆市大气污染(SO_2、NO_x、TSP)的特征,报导重污染区儿童唾液溶菌酶含量明显低于相对污染区(P<0.00001),污染区儿童体内免疫功能下降;发现暴露于两种或两种以上因素(酸沉降物、被动吸烟、燃煤)时,对儿童唾液溶菌酶含量的影响远大于它们单一因素的作用(P<0.00001),经逐步回归分析,得Y=401.6869-68.1306X_5-42.3868X_1-20.8466X_4(r=0.7681,F值=185.08,P<0.00001);并针对重庆市大气污染的具体情况,提出一些有意义的建议措施。     

基于生活垃圾分类的厨余垃圾采样方法研究

与复杂的混合生活垃圾相比,厨余垃圾成分较单一,需要针对性的采样方法.本研究基于生活垃圾分类背景,在《生活垃圾采样和分析方法》(CJ/T 313—2009)的基础上,就采样位点和采样节点数对分类存放的厨余垃圾采样的影响展开研究.研究结果表明,仅采集垃圾桶中间位点的样品不具有代表性,不同情景应有不同的采样策略.当厨余垃圾流节点数少于2时需采集所有节点,当厨余垃圾流节点数为3~7时需采集2个节点,而当厨余垃圾节点数为8~18时需采集3个节点,均少于CJ/T 313—2009中要求的采样节点数.厨余垃圾的总量增大,则其最少采样节点数相应上升,但最少采样点受到厨余垃圾流节点数的制约.     

SO2采样方式改变后的质量分析

环境空气SO2采样由每天采样3次,每次采样30分钟的瞬时采样变成24小时的连续采样,其测定浓度都降低了。其原因主要有,监测点位重新布设后,有些采样点位向郊区转移、进气管接胶管采样、进气管有水、采样流量变小及延迟化验分析等,都影响采样结果。     

被动式吸收采样监测空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮主要影响因素探讨

论述了关于被动式吸收采样法用于监测环境空气中的二氧化硫、二氧化氮的影响因素,包括风向、风速、温度、湿度、吸收液种类及浓度、吸收液加入方式等;提出在四季温差较大地区,监测结果的计算中需引入温度校正系数;建议采样时间以2～3周为宜。     

网格采样-聚类分析在优化环境监测点中的应用

为了在最少的采样点位获得具有代表性的监测数据，采用网格采样—聚类分析法对沈阳经济技术开发区的空气监测采样点进行了优化研究，从14个采样点位中优选出了4个采样点位。在保证监测数据的可靠性的前提下，节省了监测费用。     

被动扩散技术在环境空气监测中的应用

被动扩散监测技术以其成本低、布点灵活、操作简单，易于掌握等特点在世界各地广泛应用于环境空气质量监测。辽宁省环保局通过欧盟项目引入，盘锦市试点表明SO2和NO2各月变化趋势和各功能区监测结果与我市自动站监测结果相一致。可以弥补自动监测点位不足和开展大范围多点位监测。     

硅胶腕带被动采集多环芳烃的可行性分析

多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）对人体危害巨大,目前关于人体暴露于大气环境PAHs研究主要以主动采样方式开展。硅胶腕带作为一种新的大气被动采样装置,具有体积小、价格低、耐磨耐热、无毒无味等优点,适合人体环境暴露监测。国际上研究刚起步,尚未建立完善的腕带被动采样与主动采样技术之间的定量关系。本研究于2019年秋冬季和2021年冬季在西安市城区,同时开展硅胶腕带被动采样与大气主动采样对低分子量（MW＜203 g·mol^?1）PAHs的对比实验,力求建立两者的联系。2019年和2021年西安冬季大气中低分子量PAHs浓度分别为(52.81±14.76) ng·m^?3和(134.59±39.48) ng·m^?3,与前人研究相当。相对应的腕带浓度为(183.07±40.43) ng·d^?1和(524.99±150.32) ng·d^?1。Pearson相关分析发现：萘、苊烯、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘、荧蒽以及总PAHs的主、被动采样之间显著相关（P＜0.05）,相关系数均大于0.4,证明硅胶腕带被动采样方法适用于低分子量PAHs的人体暴露监测。     

石油类废水采样器分析

讨论了现有的石油类废水的采样器。用分液漏斗和普通玻璃漏斗组装成石油类污水采样器，用CY-2000多功能红外测油仪对模拟水样进行分析。结果表明水样中石油类平均值为11．00mg／L，显著性检验t值为1．476〈t0.05（6）=2．45，无显著性差别。说明设计的采样器更符合实际要求。     

石油类废水采样器分析

讨论了现有的石油类废水的采样器.用分液漏斗和普通玻璃漏斗组装成石油类污水采样器,用CY-2000多功能红外测油仪对模拟水样进行分析.结果表明水样中石油类平均值为11.00mg/L,显著性检验t值为1.473＜t0.05(6)=2.45,无显著性差别.说明设计的采样器更符合实际要求.     

黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳采样布点方法研究

采样设计是土壤有机碳研究中面临的首要问题。论文对黄土高原不同地貌类型区农田土壤有机碳进行抽样样本代表性评价,对比分析了不同采样方法的样点布设效率,结果表明：1）高塬区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔4 km,网格布点法较随机布点法和联合单元布点法效率分别提高64.3%和31.8%;2）平原区合理采样布点方法应为网格布点法,采样点布设格网间隔2 km,网格布点较随机布点和联合单元布点效率分别提高64.8%和128.8%;3）丘陵区合理采样布点方法应为联合单元布点法,样点布设密度为1个/1 314 hm²,联合单元布点较随机布点和网格布点效率分别提高205.8%和294.2%。     

Air-soil exchange of organochlorine pesticides in a sealed chamber

So far little is known about air-soil exchange under any sealed circumstances (e.g., in plastic and glass sheds), which however has huge implications for the soil-air-plant pathways of persistent organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). A newly designed passive air sampler was tested in a sealed chamber for measuring the vertical concentration profiles of gaseous phase OCPs (hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs)). Air was sampled at 5, 15, and 30 cm above ground level every 10th day during a 60-day period by deploying polyurethane foam cylinders housed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-covered cartridges. Concentrations and compositions of OCPs along the vertical sections indicated a clear relationship with proximity to the mixture of HCHs and DDTs which escapes from the soils. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between air temperatures and concentrations of HCHs and DDTs. These results indicated revolatilization and re-deposition being at or close to dynamic pseudo-equilibrium with the overlying air. The sampler used for addressing air-soil exchange of persistent organic pollutants in any sealed conditions is discussed.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Chediak-Higashi syndrome

We report the first prenatal diagnosis of an affected fetus with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Diagnosis was accomplished via fetal blood sampling at 17 menstrual weeks and was confirmed after birth. Retrospective measurement of the largest acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes in cultured amniotic fluid cells and chorionic villus cells showed that in CHS these lysosomes are significantly larger than those in normal cells. This method may be used for prenatal diagnosis of CHS by amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).