某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中PAHs生态安全评价

为了解淮北平原某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的污染状况及生态风险,按照点源扇形布点原则,在运行1 a的该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边不同风向2 km范围内布点,在距离电厂10 km以上的常年主导风向的上风向设置对照点,参照HJ/T 166-2004《土壤环境监测技术规范》共采集21个农田土壤样品.采用HPLC法测定样品中15种PAHs的含量,分析PAHs的空间分布特征和组分特征,在根据荷兰土壤环境质量标准评价土壤PAHs污染程度的同时,将其与国内其他相似污染源周边农田土壤中PAHs比对,进行生态安全评价.结果表明:该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中w（BaP）平均值为9.40 μg/kg（0.663~96.2 μg/kg）,∑₁₅PAHs（15种PAHs的质量分数）平均值为174 μg/kg（37.5~1 382 μg/kg）,TEQ（BaP）₁₅（15种PAHs的毒性当量）平均值为14.6 μg/kg（1.92~135 μg/kg）,三者明显高于对照区的0.795 μg/kg（0.412~1.57 μg/kg）、52.6 μg/kg（27.2~68.8 μg/kg）和1.96 μg/kg（1.05~2.84 μg/kg）;下风向w（BaP）、∑₁₅PAHs和TEQ（BaP）₁₅基本均高于上风向和对照区,最大值均位于距电厂1 km处.该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中高环PAHs组分含量为52.5%,高于对照区的35.3%;7种致癌性PAHs在∑₁₅PAHs中的贡献率达43.0%,远高于对照区的22.2%.运行1 a的该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中个别采样点PAHs处于严重污染水平,w（BaP）、∑₁₅PAHs和TEQ（BaP）₁₅均高于国内相似污染源且增长迅猛,存在不容忽视的生态安全风险.研究显示,该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边农田土壤中的PAHs累积速度快,高环PAHs特别是BaP明显高于对照区,建议加强对生活垃圾焚烧发电厂PAHs排放及周边环境影响的监控,在环境影响评价时充分考虑PAHs污染.      

Climate change, aerobiology, and public health in the Northeast United States

The epidemiological implications with respect to climate change and public health (e.g., shifts in disease vectors) are beginning to be acknowledged. Less recognized however, are the potential links between climate, plant biology and public health. In addition to being affected by climate (e.g., temperature determines plant range), carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents the raw material needed for photosynthesis and its rapid increase in the atmosphere is expected to stimulate plant growth. While there are a number of means by which plant biology intersects with human health (e.g., plant nutrition), one of the most widely recognized is aerobiology; specifically, the ability of plants to both produce pollen and to serve as a substrate for molds/fungi (e.g., sporulation). The current review represents an initial attempt to coalesce what is known regarding the likely impacts of climate/CO₂ on plant pollen/fungal spores and associated allergic disease that are, or could be, specific to the Northeast United States. Although the current results indicate a number of potentially unfavorable effects, we wish to stress that the current data are based on a small number of experiments. Additional data are crucial to both reduce epidemiological uncertainty and to derive a robust set of mitigation / adaptation strategies.     

地形对日本福岛核事故放射性粒子扩散影响的敏感性研究

利用FLEXPART-WRF粒子扩散模式和Stohl等给出的福岛核事故137Cs排放数据,对日本福岛核事故放射性粒子扩散情况进行了数值模拟和有、无地形的敏感性试验;同时假定核污染物排放源位于日本高崎市的RN38站(36.3°N、139.1°E),对向东开口的V型特殊地形进行了敏感性试验. 福岛核事故数值模拟结果表明:放射性污染物的扩散路径、范围和强度既与天气形势有关,还与地形密切相关,不同天气或不同盛行风向条件下,地形的绕流和抬升作用对核污染物扩散输送态势的影响具有明显差异;在偏东气流影响下,由于地形作用,相比无地形时核污染物扩散偏西1个经度左右,偏高约0.5km. V型特殊地形敏感性试验结果表明:在合适的环流形势下(边界层为偏东风,中、高层为偏西风),由于V型地形的阻挡作用,可形成强烈上升运动区,核污染物主要向上、向东扩散输送,向上可扩散至3.0km以上,向东可扩散至145°E左右;而无地形时核污染物向上、向东影响范围减小,向东扩散至140°E,向上扩散至1.5km,但由于无地形阻挡和偏东风影响,向西扩散范围有所增加. 讨论了天气和地形条件对核电站选址的影响,不同天气形势下地形对核污染物扩散的影响并不相同,因此核电站选址应首先考虑选址地的大气环流背景和常见的天气系统,在此基础上再考虑地形的影响.      

风廓线雷达资料在灰霾预报中的应用研究

利用风廓线雷达资料对2008年7月-2010年6月的灰霾日进行了分析。结果表明:灰霾有明显的季节变化,不同程度的灰霾主要出现在10月-次年4月份,其他月份出现较少。风速对灰霾的出现与否起着重要的作用,在易出现灰霾的10月-4月中层风速≥10 m/s时不易出现灰霾,此情况约占非霾日的87%,反之则易出现,风速越小,灰霾污染程度越严重。不易出现灰霾的5月-9月除了看中层风速外,还要结合大气边界层高度和天空状况,中层风速较小的情况下,降雨频繁和大气边界层较高时也不易出现灰霾。     

长江三角洲冬季电厂排放对大气污染的影响

分析了长江三角洲地区电厂排放的基本特征并利用WRF-Chem模拟冬季大气污染状况,研究了冬季电厂排放主要污染物的特征及其对空气质量的影响,结果显示,长三角电厂排放的主要大气污染物为SO₂、NO_x及PM_2.5,2010年排放量可分别达到826.8、1475.6和137.3Gg,分别占长三角地区人为源总排放量的34%、38%和14%.冬季主要大气污染物（SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5）浓度高值区分布在南京-上海,杭州-宁波一带.电厂对SO₂浓度贡献量（率）的空间分布与SO₂排放的空间分布较为一致,而NO₂、PM_2.5,其贡献量（率）的高值区主要分布在安徽、浙江和江西的交界处以及浙江省的东海岸.相对SO₂、NO₂,电厂对PM_2.5贡献量（率）较低,各地均在20μg/m³（15%）以下.污染时期电厂排放对模拟的PM_2.5和SO₂贡献率（6.9%、34.2%）较清洁时期（4.9%、20.7%）大,而对于NO₂,清洁和污染时期的贡献量没有明显差别,均在10μg/m³左右.冬季气温低、风速小及边界层高度低的特征不利于低层污染物的扩散,易导致重污染事件的发生.     

废弃农药厂拆除过程对周边土壤DDTs污染影响

分4批次分别采集某废弃农药厂拆除前和拆除后周边土壤,研究土壤中DDTs含量、分布和组成的变化特征.结果表明,拆除1个月后,土壤中DDTs残留量（平均为334ng/g）明显大于拆除前（平均为97.0ng/g）,之后土壤中DDTs的残留量明显下降.拆除前,周边土壤中以p,p'-DDE和p,p'-DDD为主,平均浓度分别为35.6和31.0ng/g;拆除后以p,p'-DDT为主要残留污染物,平均浓度为289ng/g,较拆除前（9.69ng/g）增长了28.9倍.来源分析表明,农药厂拆除前周边土壤中DDTs的污染主要受厂区内历史工业品DDTs生产和农田使用的三氯杀螨醇共同影响,而拆除过程周边土壤DDTs污染的贡献主要来自于厂区内工业品DDTs的挥发.在空间分布上,拆除前和拆除后整体上西部区域土壤的污染程度高于东部区域.     

风力发电场环境监理中风机敏感距离的测量

风电项目环境监理过程中需重点关注风机环境防护距离内有无环境敏感点。介绍了几种适用于风电项目环境监理测量距离的方法,并且对每种方法的适用范围及操作做了详细阐述。     

秸秆焚烧影响南京空气质量的成因探讨

综合利用卫星遥感的火点和云覆盖信息,结合气团后向轨迹分析,探讨了由秸秆焚烧造成的空气污染物的区域尺度输送和本地源对城市空气质量的影响.结果表明,在一定气象条件下,污染物可以发生区域尺度的输送,上风火点与下风城市的污染有明显的相关,将空气污染分为局地型(如,2006年5月31日、2009年11月8日)、区域型(如,2008年10月28日),以及局地区域相结合型(如,2006年6月14日、2007年6月5日、2008年6月2日)3种.应用本文的方法,在有云时,可以通过部分火点和气团后向轨迹分析推测污染物源地.空气污染气象条件分析表明,秸秆焚烧若伴随高空(500hPa)有槽(或位于槽前),低空存在弱切变,气流由周边向中心辐合;同时,若在均压场控制下,等压线稀疏,风速较小或静风,污染物则易积聚而不易输送;逆温层的形成将污染物禁锢在混合层以下,不利于垂直扩散;再加上较大的相对湿度,有利于霾的形成,造成严重空气污染.     

Allocation of GHG emissions in combined heat and power systems: a new proposal for considering inefficiencies of the system

The paper industry is responsible for a considerable amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mainly due to its intensive energy requirements. The production of heat and power streams in a cogeneration system, i.e., a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, releases considerable amounts of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Such emissions are already subjected to legislation globally. The amount of GHG emissions is usually calculated from the product of the total amount of energy activity multiplied by an emission factor. However, each energy output stream should get a share of emissions responsibility. This fact could assist in assigning weights to the emissions generated for power and thermal purposes in a combined heat and power plant. However, developing a suitable method of allocating emissions in a cogeneration system is still a concern and a subject research for scientists, companies and policy makers. This paper exposes and evaluates different published allocation methods and applies them to a real case of a combined heat and power plant integrated in a paper mill and proposes a new allocation method.     

江苏省大雾持续时间及相关要素的周末效应

使用1996-2006年共11年南京、淮安、徐州、赣榆、射阳、东台、吕泗、溧阳8站大雾持续时间、气温、湿度、风速等资料进行周末效应的研究,结果表明:大雾持续时间存在明显的周末效应,并和风速、相对湿度的周末效应相一致,即在周末风速较小、湿度较大。通过对2001-2006年南京市用电量进行分析,发现其存在明显的周末效应,即在周六、周日陡然下降,在周一大幅上升,表明人类活动具有7天的短周期循环,同时发现大雾持续时间和用电量的周末效应是一致的,说明人类活动和大雾持续时间存在着一定的因果关系。使用南京市2001-2006年可吸入颗粒物浓度资料进行要素周末效应的研究,结果表明大雾持续时间也与气溶胶浓度存在着的显著的周末效应相一致。文章认为,人类活动导致周末气溶胶浓度增大,从而使大雾在周末持续时间延长,影响人类生活,体现了人类活动和高影响性大雾天气的相互作用。     

GIS aided prediction of CO2 emission dispersion from geothermal electricity production

CO₂ is the dominant constituent of non-condensable gases in the steam phase of most geothermal fluids. This paper attempts to present the results of a study conducted to develop prediction modeling of CO₂ dispersion in the surrounding atmosphere from a planned 50 MWe geothermal power plant prior to its production. Dispersion models are widely used for predicting future concentrations of environmental emissions on a range of geographic scales. The dispersion type for gases and their average removal rate depends on the meteorological conditions such as wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and surface roughness and topography. Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities were used for quality visualization of the model outputs and presenting an accurate numerical copy of the study area. The results by the prediction model show that the natural transfer of CO₂ will be from the power plant toward east and northeast and CO₂ concentration trends after the power plant utilization will be similar to the background conditions with minor changes. This dispersion test was carried out to validate and field test the GIS aided dispersion modeling approach described in the paper and the procedure may be applicable for other studies assessing the emission dispersion of pollutants from a point source.     

Sustainable energy investments: contributions of the Global Environment Facility

Addressing energy, economic and environment security is a pressing challenge for nations worldwide. Global energy demand is projected to increase by 45% during the next 20 years, with the fastest growth in developing and transition countries. Over the past two decades, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has invested in a portfolio of sustainable energy projects with an emphasis on energy efficiency, renewable energy, and urban transport. These projects address many different national priorities including infrastructure, technologies, policies, best practices, institutions, and capacity building. Since 1991, more than US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US2,735 billion has been invested in energy sector projects with an additional US17.118 billion in co-financing from governments and the private sector. US1,186 billion, together with US1,186 billion, together with US7,092 billion in co-finance, has been invested in energy efficiency projects that deploy new technologies, develop institutional and human capacity, disseminate best practices, and build public awareness and understanding. GEF renewable energy investments of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US1,298 billion, with co-financing of US7,555 billion, have advanced demonstration and deployment of solar thermal heating, solar thermal power, photovoltaics, wind power, geothermal energy, small hydropower, biomass, and combined technologies and best practices across 5 continents. The GEF has invested US251 million (with US251 million (with US2,471 billion in co-finance) in urban transport projects that address transport strategies, infrastructure, and mobility technology solutions. These energy efficiency, renewable energy and urban transport projects contributed to the direct reduction of about 1.7 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Other tangible environmental benefits also flowed from these GEF investments. Case studies of representative projects are presented to illustrate lessons learned from the energy efficiency, renewable, energy, and urban transport investments. Experiences from GEF investments can inform development and implementation of future sustainable energy investments.     

田湾核电站大气中水溶性阴离子的观测研究

Cl-、SO24-和NO3-是滨海大气中的主要水溶性阴离子.2005年6月～2006年5月期间,对连云港田湾核电站滨海大气中主要水溶性阴离子Cl-、SO24-和NO3-进行了监测.研究表明,田湾核电站大气中Cl-、SO24-和NO3-的年均值分别为(33.12±53.63)、(53.34±30.34)和(8.34±4.47)μg·m-3;季节变化分析表明,Cl-、SO24-浓度在夏季高、冬季低,NO3-浓度在秋冬季高、夏春季低.气象因素分析表明,风向、风速、气温、相对湿度等对大气阴离子浓度有一定影响.本研究首次对我国滨海核电大气中主要腐蚀性阴离子进行了同时监测,为防止海洋大气腐蚀,保证我国核电工业安全经济运行提供了依据.     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.     

Der vorindustrielle Mensch in den Ökosystemen der Erde

Preindustrial man influenced and changed the earth's ecosystems decisively. The disappearance of large animals from all continents (Eurasia, e.g., mammoth; America, e.g., the giant sloths and the giant armadillo) after the Pleistocene was most probably due to a large extent to the early hunters and collectors. Corn-growing and breeding of domestic animals led to the disappearance of their wild forms (e.g., the wild form of today's old world camel is unknown) and the cultivation of huge monocultures. The increasing need for wood resulted in the disappearance of forests almost all over Europe. Specific needs, such as pig-raising or bee-keeping, supported the formation of particular landscapes, e.g., sparsely wooded forests and extensive heathlands. All these factors resulted in extreme soil erosion and the disappearance of nutritionally important minerals from the soil, which was thus severely depleted.     

影响红沿河核电厂区热带气旋特征及最大强度估算

红沿河核电厂区位于我国北方海域的辽东湾东海岸,经常受到北上热带气旋的侵袭和影响。观测和统计表明,在辽宁登陆的热带气旋,强度能够达到台风,不容忽略。影响红沿河的热带气旋基本出现在7、8月份,以进入渤海后向西北移动和穿越山东半岛向北在辽东半岛登陆的两类热带气旋对红沿河区域影响最大,建国56年来最强的热带气旋在红沿河附近区域造成的最大风速达到25～33m/s,极大风速达40m/s以上。使用概率论方法和梯度风公式估算红沿河核电厂区可能最大热带气旋的强度参数,得到:百年一遇的可能最低气压估值为961 hPa,最大风速为35.4m/s,极大风速为46.0m/s;千年一遇的可能最低气压估值为939 hPa,最大风速为42.2m/s,极大风速为54.9m/s。     

吉阳核电厂址气象铁塔塔层风频规律及风速分布拟合研究

通过安徽吉阳核电厂址气象塔观测系统获取观测数据,研究了该地区的风频规律性,并按南沿江流、北沿江流对塔层风速分布进行幂函数近似拟合,估算了地表粗糙度。结果表明：本区主导风向多集中在偏东北风上,而且频率很高,次主导风向则略有差异;塔层风廓线分布基本符合幂函数关系,由廓线求出的n指数推荐值为：A类0.165,B类0.167,C类0.192,D类0.313,E类0.406,F类0.463;南沿江流方向的地表粗糙度为1.547 063 m,北沿江流方向的地表粗糙度为1.738 45 m。     

Airborne bioaerosols and their impact on human health

Bioaerosols consist of aerosols originated biologically such as metabolites, toxins, or fragments of microorganisms that are present ubiquitously in the environment. International interests in bioaerosols have increased rapidly to broaden the pool of knowledge on their identification,quantification, distribution, and health impacts(e.g., infectious and respiratory diseases,allergies, and cancer). However, risk assessment of bioaerosols based on conventional culture methods has been hampered further by several factors such as:(1) the complexity of microorganisms or derivatives to be investigated;(2) the purpose, techniques, and locations of sampling; and(3) the lack of valid quantitative criteria(e.g., exposure standards and dose/effect relationships). Although exposure to some microbes is considered to be beneficial for health,more research is needed to properly assess their potential health hazards including inter-individual susceptibility, interactions with non-biological agents, and many proven/unproven health effects(e.g., atopy and atopic diseases).     

植物促生菌在重金属生物修复中的作用机制及应用

重金属污染是导致生态和环境退化的主要因素之一.土壤重金属污染会降低土壤质量、农作物产量和品质,甚至威胁人类健康.因此,优化土壤重金属污染治理措施,对于农业高产优质可持续具有重要意义.诸多国内外学者在重金属污染植物修复方面开展了大量研究,但由于受土壤和气候环境条件的影响,其修复效率受到制约.微生物与植物的协同修复被认为是环境胁迫条件下提高重金属污染修复效率的一种有效手段.耐重金属的植物促生细菌（PGPB）不仅可以促进植物生长,提高对生物胁迫（如病原菌）和非生物胁迫（如干旱、高盐、极端温度和重金属等）的抗性,还可以改变土壤中重金属的生物利用度和毒性,从而提高植物对重金属的修复效率.系统地梳理了耐重金属的PGPB在促进植物生长,增强植物抗逆性和影响重金属生物利用度方面的作用机制,并进一步综述了近年来国内外关于PGPB在生态修复中的应用和研究进展.     

某锌厂周围表层土壤及典型剖面镉污染特征

研究某锌厂周围表层土壤和典型剖面中的镉含量(w(Cd)),采用单项污染指数法评价了表层土壤中镉的污染状况.结果表明:距锌厂较近或在主导风向上的采样点w(Cd)较高,最大值为248.72 mg/kg,最小值出现在距锌厂10 km处的非主导风向上,为0.52 mg/kg.距锌厂1 km处的剖面最上层(0～2 cm)w(Cd)为593.23 mg/kg,下层(60～110 cm)仍达到55.16 mg/kg,距锌厂10 km处的剖面上层w(Cd)为0.3～3.14 mg/kg,下层接近背景值或未检出.根据土壤环境质量标准的二级标准评价,除一个采样点为中度污染外,其余都达到重度污染水平.据分析,污染主要来源于锌厂烟囱的排放、废气废液的不规则排放和未被覆盖的原料堆.表层土壤镉含量分布规律显示,镉的污染程度与距锌厂的距离和当地的风向有关;镉在土壤中能到达的深度与镉在表层土壤中的含量有关,表层土壤含量越大,向下迁移越容易.