太湖附泥藻类时空分布及与环境因子的关系

为探讨太湖附泥藻类时空分析及与N、P等环境因子之间的关系,在不同季节采取太湖不同湖区表层沉积物,采用常规理化分析方法测定环境中的氮、磷含量及其他理化指标,利用高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)分析附泥藻类光合色素叶绿素a(Chl.a)、叶绿素b(Chl.b)、岩藻黄素(Fuco)及玉米黄素(Zea)含量。结果表明：太湖水体及表层沉积物N、P浓度空间差异明显,水体中TN、TP及总溶解性磷均表现为梅梁湾>贡湖湾>胥口湾,且空间差异显著(P<0.05),而胥口湾表层沉积物中TP及Fe-P含量显著低于梅梁湾及贡湖湾(P<0.05)。太湖附泥藻类生物量(Chl.a)及3种特征色素含量存在显著的时空差异。从空间上看,Chl.a最高值出现在贡湖湾,其值为(12.79±3.69)μg/g,最低值出现在胥口湾,其值为(2.46±1.14)μg/g。在秋季及夏季,贡湖湾附泥藻类Chl.a及3种特征色素含量高于梅梁湾,梅梁湾又高于胥口湾;在春季,梅梁湾附泥藻类Chl.a高于贡湖湾及胥口湾。从季节上看,附泥藻类Chl.a与特征色素Chl.b变化一致,梅梁湾与胥口湾在春季较高,夏季和秋季相对较...     

太湖水体及表层沉积物磷空间分布特征及差异性分析

通过对水体不同程度富营养化湖泊——太湖全湖40个位点的高密度采样分析,得到太湖水体及表层沉积物各污染因子在太湖的空间分布特征图,结果表明,太湖水体中SRP、TP、TN及沉积物中TOC、TN、TP及P的各形态等在空间上表现出明显的分异性,水体中污染物主要分布于竺山湾、五里湖、梅梁湾及太湖西部等湖区,TN、TP最低值为0.05、0.88mg·L-1.沉积物中Fe-P的分布与水体中TP类似,含量在29.13～258.31mg·kg-1之间变化.Ca-P除主要分布于南部太湖及东太湖外,西北部湖区也见大量蓄积,最高值达357.68mg·kg-1.OP的高值分布于西北部湖区,最高值达371.91mg·kg-1.沉积物中IP占TP的含量高于OP,最高值高出OP含量约50%.IP中Fe-P的比例虽然低于Ca-P,但与水体中SRP、TP之间的高度相关性(R为0.49、0.64),指示Fe-P的内源释放为太湖水体中磷的重要来源之一.而沉积物中TOC与C/N、TN、TP及P的各形态之间的显著相关性,表明了高有机质含量更利于对营养盐的蓄积埋藏.太湖水体及表层沉积物各指标空间上表现出如此明显的区域性差异,除受不同湖区入湖污染源直接作用外,还和各参数不同的生物地球化学行为有关.     

太湖竺山湾沉积物碳氮磷分布特征与污染评价

为了揭示太湖竺山湾沉积物中碳、氮和磷的分布特征,本研究在太湖竺山湾设置3个断面(湖湾内,A断面;湖湾中部,B断面;开敞湖区,C断面) 10个采样点,采集沉积物柱状样,每2 cm间隔分层测定沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和总有机碳(TOC)含量,以揭示其水平分布和垂向分布特征.结果表明,在空间上竺山湾表层沉积物呈现开敞湖区向湖湾富集的特征,湖湾内部碳、氮和磷含量显著高于开敞湖区(P 0. 01),其中湖湾内(A断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别为1. 53、1. 55和11. 31 mg·g~(-1),而靠近开敞湖区(C断面)表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量仅为0. 75、0. 57和6. 70 mg·g~(-1).垂向分布特征表现为表层富集,3个断面TN、TP和TOC含量随着底泥深度的增加均呈现出下降趋势,表层沉积物TN、TP和TOC含量分别是底层的2～3、2～5和2～3倍.整体而言,竺山湾沉积物TP含量均值为0. 93 mg·g~(-1),属于重度污染,而TN平均含量为1. 11 mg·g~(-1),属于轻度污染;有机氮指数和综合污染指数显示,竺山湾北部地区污染水平为重度污染区,有机污染相对较强,TP的污染指数(STP)处于1. 03～3. 87之间,属于重度污染.     

太湖北部湖区水体与沉积物中Cd污染现状分析

对太湖北部湖区水体及沉积物中Cd含量、形态分布及其可能产生的环境风险进行了研究.结果表明,太湖北部湖区水体Cd质量浓度为69.35～85.11 ng/L,处于低剂量范围;表层沉积物中Cd质量比范围为0.70 ～ 2.84mg/kg,存在一定的潜在环境污染风险,但沉积物中Cd含量随着深度的增加逐渐降低.沉积物中不同形态Cd的含量及其比重在各点位间均存在明显差别,梅梁湾及环山河底泥中酸溶态、可氧化态和可还原态Cd所占比重均较高,存在较强的生物可利用性,而竺山湾中残渣态比重最高;各形态Cd含量的总体分布趋势与沉积物中Cd总量基本一致,表现为竺山湾＞梅梁湾及环山河,且与Cd总量呈现出显著相关关系,竺山湾沉积物Cd的生态风险较大.水体与沉积物中Cd含量的空间分布差异主要与湖湾周围的污水排放及湖流作用下的蓝藻堆积沉降有关.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的砷分布特征及其生态风险

以太湖不同营养水平湖区为研究对象,采用改进的砷(As)形态连续提取法对表层沉积物中As的化学形态进行分析研究,探讨了沉积物中总砷(TAs)和As形态的分布特征及其与沉积物中营养盐和总有机碳(TOC)的相关性,并利用潜在生态风险评价(Eir)和风险指数编码法(RAC)评估了各湖区沉积物中As的生态风险水平.结果表明,各湖区表层沉积物中TAs的平均含量约为14.23~16.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中,竺山湾的TAs平均含量相对最高.As形态表现出明显的空间分布特征,其中,北部富营养湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾)中的有效态As(非专性吸附态和专性吸附态)与潜在有效态As(无定形氧化铁结合态、晶体形氧化铁结合态、有机结合态)的含量与百分比均高于中营养水平的南太湖,而北部湖区的残渣态As含量则低于南太湖.Pearson相关分析结果显示,除晶体形氧化铁结合态As和残渣态As外,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和TOC与其他As形态均存在显著的正相关关系.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物TAs均处于低风险;而RAC评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物的有效态As基本处于中等风险水平,且北部湖区的RAC指数均明显高于南太湖.     

太湖北部三个湖区各形态氮的空间分布特征

通过对太湖北部竺山湾、梅梁湾和贡湖上覆水、间隙水和表层沉积物中各形态氮含量的分析,探讨了其中各形态氮的空间分布特征,计算了沉积物-水界面氨氮(NH4+-N)的扩散通量,并对上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中各形态氮进行了相关性分析.结果表明,空间上,上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中,NH4+-N的平均浓度为竺山湾>梅梁湾>贡湖的分布趋势;NO3--N在上覆水和沉积物中为贡湖>梅梁湾>竺山湾的分布趋势,但间隙水中梅梁湾>贡湖>竺山湾;TN在上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的分布与NH4+-N相似.NH4+-N在竺山湾、梅梁湾和贡湖的平均扩散通量分别为1009.27μmol/(m2×d)、49.35μmol/(m2×d)和3.14μmol/(m2×d).相关性分析表明:上覆水、间隙水、表层沉积物之间NH4+-N存在相关性.     

太湖不同湖区夏季蓝藻生长的营养盐限制研究

采集太湖6个湖区水样,利用营养盐添加,现场培养实验研究了水华蓝藻在不同湖区水体中生长的氮、磷限制情况和蓝藻的生长潜力.结果表明,梅梁湾水体只有氮、磷同时添加才对蓝藻生物量具有显著的促进作用,表明该湖区水华蓝藻的生长不仅存在磷限制,而且存在明显的氮限制.在太湖西部河口区、竺山湾和贡湖湾,蓝藻对单独的氮添加没有反应,而单独磷添加和氮磷同时添加对蓝藻生长具有同样的促进作用,表明磷是这些区域藻类生长的主要限制因子.东太湖水体不论氮磷单独还是同时添加对蓝藻生长均没有促进作用,表明存在氮磷以外的限制因子.氮磷供应充足的情况下,梅梁湾和西部河口区水体培养的蓝藻生长速率最高,表明这两个水域蓝藻的生长潜力最大,氮磷输入极易刺激蓝藻大量增殖,这在一定程度上解释了为什么蓝藻水华在这两个区域更为严重.蓝藻在贡湖湾和胥口湾水体中生长速率较低,在东太湖水体中的生长速率最低,因此这些水域的蓝藻增殖潜力较低.     

太湖沉积物中多溴联苯醚和类二噁英多氯联苯的水平垂直分布

分析了太湖竺山湾、梅梁湾、南太湖的3个柱状沉积物样品中8种溴代阻燃剂(PBDEs)和12种类二英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs).结果表明太湖PBDEs污染水平为竺山湾最高,其余依次为梅梁湾、南太湖;DL-PCB污染水平梅梁湾最高,其次则为竺山湾、南太湖.沉积物中PBDEs的水平垂直分布显示:近年来在太湖PBDEs污染呈现指数式增长趋势,BDE-209为最主要的PBDEs同族体;沉积物中DL-PCBs的水平垂直分布显示:DL-PCBs污染近年仍有增加,说明在太湖地区存在PCBs的释放源.太湖梅梁湾不同深度的沉积物中PBDEs同族体组成差异明显,具体原因需要进一步研究证实.PCBs在垂直分布模式显示:在0～15 cm的上层沉积物中PCB-77、-118、-105水平随深度增加而明显降低,下层则无明显变化.     

太湖不同湖区沉积物磷形态变化分析

采用SMT法于2009年11月对太湖北部湖区梅梁湾(T1)、竺山湾(T2)、太湖西部(T3)、太湖南部(T4)、太湖东部(T5)及湖心区(T6)沉积物30cm深度上不同磷形态进行分析,结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区不同磷形态含量变化明显,北部竺山湾及太湖西部富营养化明显, NaOH-P含量明显高于其他湖区,占TP比例总体为T2 > T1 > T3 > T4、T5、T6.反映太湖北部及西部受人为污染源输入影响严重. HCl-P则表现为太湖北部及西北部含量总体低于太湖南部\东部,占TP比例总体为T4 > T5 > T6 > T1、T3 > T2. OP随深度至约15cm迅速降低,和太湖较强的矿化作用有关系. 同NaOH-P一样, TP表现出太湖北部及西北部含量高于其他湖区的总体趋势,反映了太湖北部和西北部湖区特别是竺山湾富营养化高于其他湖区.     

风场对太湖梅梁湾水华及营养盐空间分布的影响

为了解风场对湖泊表层蓝藻水华及营养盐空间分布的影响,以太湖梅梁湾为例,在蓝藻水华期间开展表层粒子漂流实验,研究风场对水体表层物质的推移规律,并开展全水域水体表、中、底层密集布点采样,测定水体藻类叶绿素a、氮、磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解性有机碳、溶解氧等水质指标,探讨风场驱动下大型浅水湖泊蓝藻水华及营养盐时空分布特征.结果表明,在平均风速1. 9 m·s~(-1)和2. 3 m·s~(-1)的情况下,表层粒子的平均漂移速度分别为3. 0 cm·s~(-1)和5. 0 cm·s~(-1);风场对表层水体蓝藻水华的空间分布具有决定性影响,能够引起蓝藻水华在空间上较高的异质性;蓝藻水华物质的空间变化对水体颗粒态氮、磷、有机质和溶解氧等水质指标产生较大影响,表、中、底层颗粒态氮和磷、高锰酸盐指数与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布一致,而溶解态氮、磷浓度及溶解性有机碳的分布与叶绿素a浓度分布不尽相同;蓝藻水华物质在风场作用下的再分配对水体溶解氧产生复杂的影响,底层溶解氧平均值低于表层与中层,可能对沉积物营养盐释放产生影响;依据高密度布点调查估算,仅表层20 cm,梅梁湾水域的蓝藻干物质赋存量约396 t,远大于蓝藻打捞工程的清除量.研究表明,鉴于水华期间风场作用下对蓝藻水华漂移的巨大影响,在湖泊水质调查采样方法及数据分析时应充分考虑蓝藻水华漂移的影响因素;防控湖泛灾害的蓝藻打捞作业对湖体蓝藻水华赋存量的清除能力有限,只能对岸边带湖泛的预防产生影响.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.