不同基质条件下厌氧氨氧化SMBBR启动特性研究

通过接种某城市污水处理厂好氧池生物膜,采用NH₄⁺-N+NO₂^--N （SMBBR-1）和NH₄⁺-N+NO₃^--N+HAc （SMBBR-2）两种进水基质启动厌氧氨氧化序批式移动床生物膜反应器（Sequencing Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor,SMBBR）,研究不同基质条件下反应器的启动特性.结果表明,两反应器在运行100 d后均成功启动并稳定运行,在进水负荷分别为0.83和0.32 kg·m^-3·d^-1（以N计）的条件下,氮去除率分别达到81.82%±1.20%和66.35%±4.79%.活性测定结果显示,SMBBR-1和SMBBR-2中Anammox活性分别达到6448.32和1980.32 mg·m^-2·d^-1,表明Anammox菌被成功富集.高通量结果显示,SMBBR-1和SMBBR-2中启动成功后的Anammox菌由Ca.Brocadia和Ca.Jettenia组成,其中,Ca.Brocadia占比分别为11.02%和7.57%,Ca.Jettenia占比分别为2.07%和0.56%.除Anammox菌外,SMBBR-2中还包括Thauera（2.84%）和Flavobacterium菌（0.66%）,其为部分反硝化菌的主导菌属.本研究表明,虽然两种不同基质的启动办法各有利弊,但其均能实现厌氧氨氧化SMBBR的启动,可为主流系统内的Anammox菌快速富集培养提供技术支撑.     

厌氧膜生物反应器耦联部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化用于污水处理研究

本研究构建了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）-部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（PN/Anammox）污水处理工艺,以探究AnMBR-PN/A工艺处理效果最佳的水力停留时间（HRT）.AnMBR将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合实现有机物去除,AnMBR出水NH₄⁺-N通过PN部分转化为NO₂^--N,最终通过NO₂^--N氧化剩余NH₄⁺-N去除.实验结果表明：在HRT=11.2 h时,AnMBR-PN/A工艺化学需氧量（COD）去除率稳定在97%以上,COD转化为CH₄效率超过77.5%,总氮（TN）去除率为78%,出水COD和TN浓度分别低于14和11 mg·L^-1.AnMBR段COD去除率达到95%,平均甲烷产率为0.39 L·L^-1·d^-1.PN段实现了NO₂^--N的高效积累,其出水中NO₂^-/NH₄⁺为0.91±0.11.Anammox段出水中的NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度分别低于1.0、4.9和5.1 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果表明PN段氨氧化菌主要为Nitrosomonas,丰度为7.09%,Anammox段主要微生物为Candidatus Brocadia,丰度高达21.01%.本研究构建的AnMBR-PN/A工艺实现了污水处理过程的高效能源回收和深度自养脱氮,研究成果为工程应用提供了理论支撑.     

限NH4+和限NO2-厌氧氨氧化系统的运行特性及微生物种群特征

在控制进水TN浓度<50 mg·L^-1、水力停留时间为2.0 h和水温为20℃条件下,采用连续流完全混合式反应器对比研究了限NH₄⁺和限NO₂^-厌氧氨氧化系统的脱氮效能及微生物种群特征.结果表明,尽管两厌氧氨氧化反应器维持了类似的TN去除负荷［0.45~0.5 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和TN去除率（70%左右）,但限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器中ΔNO₃^-/ΔNH₄⁺呈现更快的上升趋势.批式试验及高通量测序结果表明,限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器比限NO₂^-反应器具有更为显著的功能及微生物种群空间异质性.Candidatus_Brocadia是两反应器中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌属,限NH₄⁺条件下Candidatus_Brocadia在大粒径颗粒污泥中的富集水平（53.9%）显著高于絮体污泥（19.1%）;而在限NO₂^-条件下颗粒污泥与絮体污泥中Candidatus_Brocadia的相对丰度差别不大,分别为28.1%和21.3%.两反应器中均有Nitrospira存在且主要生存于絮体污泥中,对O₂的需求应是驱动Nitrospira于絮体污泥中生长的关键因素;此外,限NH₄⁺（即NO₂^-富余）环境可以促进Nitrospira的生长繁殖.综上,提出了基于选择性排泥的限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化系统优化运行策略.     

有机碳源条件下厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器中的主要反应

采用5个已稳定运行在厌氧氨氧化状态的ASBR反应器,通过COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、pH等指标的监测和好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌的测定,研究了不同有机碳源条件下反应器中发生的主要反应.结果表明,反应器中存在好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等存在条件下,可发生好氧硝化、厌氧氨氧化和异养反硝化反应,先是好氧硝化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应和异养反硝化反应共存,其后依次是异养反硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应占主导地位.当C/NO₂^--N在1.7～1.9范围内时,C/NH₄⁺-N为1.7的1号反应器具有最佳的厌氧氨氧化效果,反应结束时其COD去除率、NH₄⁺-N去除率、NO₂^--N去除率分别为100%、81.7%和74.4%.     

一体式膜曝气生物膜反应器实现部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合生物除磷

针对我国城市生活污水碳氮比低、处理成本高及氮磷同步去除存在碳源竞争等问题,构建了一体式膜曝气生物膜反应器（Membrane aerated biofilm reactor, MABR）,分别采用纯生物膜系统和生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统,逐步实现了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化与生物除磷工艺在单一反应器中的耦合及低碳氮比城市生活污水中氮、磷的高效去除.结果表明,第1阶段（纯生物膜系统）,在进水中仅含有氨氮的条件下, 部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别为65.39%和50.67%.第2阶段（生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统）,进水中增加了有机物,在COD/TN为3的条件下,TN和PO₄^3--P的去除率分别达到89.90%和70.42%,实现了氮和磷的同步高效去除.微生物群落分析结果表明,反应器内存在大量的变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）,其中,Proteobacteria在生物膜和絮体污泥均有分布,而Bacteroidota主要分布于絮体污泥;反应器内还检测到了Candidatus Kuenenia、Candidatus Jettenia和Candidatus Brocadia 3种厌氧氨氧化菌,且 Candidatus Brocadia为优势菌属,其在生物膜上的丰度达到了3.23%;此外,Candidatus Competibacter、Defluviicoccus等聚糖菌和聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter、Dechloromonas在反应器内均有大量富集,共同构成了该生物膜-絮体污泥复合系统,实现了低碳氮比城市生活污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

厌氧氨氧化菌的培养与推流式反应器氨厌氧工艺

采用推流式固定化絮体生物反应器培养出高活性的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)红色颗粒污泥.在稳定运行后,反应器的NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率皆大于98%,TN平均去除率为86%,NO₃^--N的生成率约为14%,TN去除负荷达2.56kg/(m³·d).同时考察了进水基质比例对反应器性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察了颗粒结构.     

水库沉积物贫营养型好氧反硝化菌(Pseudomonas sp.)分离及其对微污染水体脱氮效率分析

为探究深水水库沉积物微生物功能特征及利用价值,于2019年在实验室对小湾水库表层沉积物微生物进行了驯化分离,并分析了其中一株细菌的脱氮效率.结果表明,分离出的细菌XW731经鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,是一种贫营养型好氧反硝化菌;在分别以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N为唯一氮源时,该菌对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为33.6%、68.5%和9.1%;以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源时,对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为66.4%、89.6%,同步硝化反硝化能力更强.将该菌投加到两种城市微污染水体后测试表明,该菌对城市河道水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为38.3%和42.4%,对城市降雨水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为22.2%和7.7%.     

羟胺对一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的原位恢复及运行稳定性的影响

一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（CPNA）工艺的脱氮性能常因亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）大量增殖导致的NO₃^--N积累而恶化.本研究通过连续试验考察长期低剂量投加羟胺（NH₂OH）对CPNA工艺原位恢复及其长期运行稳定性的影响.结果表明,低剂量投加NH₂OH（1.5 mg·L^-1）可快速原位恢复CPNA工艺,TN去除率在45 d内从18.6%恢复至82.2%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值从0.73±0.05下降至0.13±0.03;以相同方式在100 d内持续投加NH₂OH,CPNA工艺的TN去除率长期保持在82.2%±4.9%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值可长期稳定在0.13±0.03.16S rRNA高通量测序结果表明,羟胺投加期间,脱氮功能菌群变化显著,Nitrospira的丰度从28.22%下降到2.74%,厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Kuenenia丰度从初始的3.43%明显增长到22.86%.低剂量投加羟胺可有效促进CPNA工艺的快速原位恢复,并保持其长期稳定运行.     

厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程微生物群落结构及多样性

为深入理解厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养过程微生物群落变化特征,采用ASBR反应器进行厌氧氨氧化菌富集培养,考察了不同培养时间微生物群落组成、多样性及物种网络关系.结果表明,通过逐步提高基质浓度,实现了厌氧氨氧化菌富集,NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为97.6%和95.4%,总氮去除率为84.9%.高通量测序发现,整个培养过程优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;富集培养获得的主要厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia,相对丰度从1.42%增长到24.66%;培养过程,微生物群落优势菌群组成未发生变化,但相对丰度呈现显著差异（P<0.05）.富集培养过程不同时间,微生物群落α多样性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且存在显著差异（P<0.05）;微生物群落β多样性在富集培养过程发生明显空间分异特征,且存在显著差异（R=0.5672,P<0.01）.培养过程不同时间,物种网络密度分别为0.188、0.068、0.059、0.18和0.0735;虽然富集培养过程导致微生物间的关联作用变弱,但浮霉菌门相关类群的物种成为网络中的主要节点.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.