半干旱地区典型POPs硫丹环境多介质迁移归趋模拟研究——以兰州河谷盆地为例

以硫丹为研究对象,利用三级多介质逸度模型,对硫丹在半干旱的兰州河谷盆地大气、水体、土壤、沉积物和植物相中的浓度分布进行模拟研究;对硫丹在研究区环境多介质问的迁移通量进行分析,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;并结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;此外,还对除常数之外的20个模型参数进行灵敏度分析,并对较高的模型灵敏度影响因素进行不确定性分析.研究结果表明:土壤、植物和沉积物相是硫丹在兰州河谷盆地环境污染的主要储库;大气平流输入和农药施用是研究区硫丹的主要输入源,沉积物降解和大气平流输出为研究区的主要消耗和输出途径;亨利常数、辛醇-水分配系数等化合物理化性质参数,以及沉积物、土壤有机碳含量等环境参数对模型的灵敏度影响比较显著;模拟浓度与实测浓度相差在一个数量级之内,吻合较好,表明建立的三级多介质逸度模型适用于半干旱的兰州河谷盆地α-硫丹和β-硫丹的环境多介质迁移及归趋行为模拟.     

环渤海地区2,4,4'-三氯联苯的多介质归趋模拟

为探究多氯联苯(PCBs)在环渤海地区的环境多介质迁移和归趋行为,本研究以2,4,4′-三氯联苯(PCB28)为目标污染物,基于区域尺度多介质城乡逸度模型,模拟了稳态条件下PCB28在各环境相中的浓度分布、总量分配以及相间迁移过程,并对模型的输入参数和输出结果分别进行了敏感性和不确定性分析.结果表明,PCB28在淡水、农村土壤、城市土壤和沉积物中的模拟浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性.PCB28在城市土壤中的浓度最大,浓度均值为5.26×10~(-6) mol·m~(-3),在农村大气中的浓度最小,浓度均值为5.79×10~(-14) mol·m~(-3).当环境系统达到平衡时,土壤是PCB28最主要的"汇",占其在环境中总储量的96.45%.大气相与其他环境相间的相互迁移过程是PCB28在环渤海地区进行空间迁移的主导过程.大气传输是PCB28最主要的入海途径,从农村大气到海水的迁移通量占总入海通量的97.22%.参数敏感性分析结果表明PCB28排放速率、栅格规模及与迁移速率相关的参数是影响大气相中PCB28浓度的关键参数.不确定性分析结果表明PCB28在农村大气和城市大气中的浓度分布都符合对数正态分布,其变异系数分别为0.44和0.41.     

模拟巢湖流域氯菊酯的迁移转化和生态风险

近年来,随着大量使用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,导致的环境问题已得到广泛关注.为认识巢湖流域氯菊酯在环境中的赋存状态、迁移转化、环境归趋和生态风险,本研究结合多介质归趋模型和物种敏感性分布模型(SSD),模拟了稳态假设下氯菊酯在巢湖生态系统各环境介质中的浓度分布、迁移通量和去除途径,并通过灵敏性分析和不确定性分析对各输入参数进行了评价.进一步构建污染物的SSD模型,评价了氯菊酯在稳态条件下的潜在生态风险,预测了保护系统中95%的物种时允许最大年输入量.结果表明,氯菊酯在大气相、水体相、沉积物相中的浓度分别为3.99×10~(-16)、5.63×10~(-11)和1.95×10~(-5)mol·m~(-3),沉积物是氯菊酯的最大储库;大气中的氯菊酯主要以挥发形式进入,通过空气颗粒物干沉降消减;水体中的氯菊酯主要以平流输入为主进入,通过底泥沉降消减;沉积物中的氯菊酯主要以底泥沉降形式进入,通过底泥再悬浮和掩埋消减.此外,SSD模型预测的HC5浓度为0.97 ng·L~(-1),假设稳态下预测的水体浓度远低于该值,仅对巢湖流域0.77%的物种产生影响,当年输入量低于78.2 t的情况下,巢湖水体中95%的物种不会受到氯菊酯的威胁.     

城市地表系统POPs多介质循环过程与模拟研究进展

城市地表系统(USS)是陆地表层系统的重要组成部分,而以不透水面覆盖为主要特征的城市土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)时空过程,打破了系统原有自然地理格局与过程,影响不同介质和界面间的物质循环与能量流动,改变POPs等污染物的循环过程与机理,是城市环境变化和人地相互作用的指示器与重要驱动力,是城市生态环境规划与管理保护的关键依据.本文总结了城市LUCC对POPs多介质分布迁移的影响,包括单介质中POPs的时空分布特征和POPs多介质迁移累积过程;从城市POPs多介质归趋模拟和基于GIS的城市多介质归趋模拟等方面,讨论了城市POPs多介质循环过程归趋模拟的主要进展;展望今后研究中需要重点解决的科学问题:基于不透水面的城市LUCC信息精确提取及与POPs排放输入等相关数据的同化集成; POPs多介质多界面迁移、转化过程与城市LUCC的耦合机理;城市LUCC背景下POPs循环过程、机制的关键模型参数的构建与获取;基于GIS和城市POPs循环过程与机理的、具有高时空分辨率的城市多介质归趋模型(UMFM)的构建与应用.     

鄱阳湖区PAHs的多介质迁移和归趋模拟

为分析鄱阳湖区PAHs(多环芳烃)的多介质迁移和归趋行为,以可获取模型验证数据的BaP(苯并芘)、BaA(苯并蒽)、Chr()、Pyr(芘)、Fla(荧蒽)、Phe(菲)6种典型PAHs为研究对象,采用逸度模型Level Ⅲ,预测和模拟鄱阳湖区环境多介质中PAHs的分布和归趋状况. 结果表明:鄱阳湖区水相中ρ(BaP)、ρ(BaA)、ρ(Chr)、ρ(Pyr)、ρ(Fla)、ρ(Phe)的计算值分别为0.043 3、0.050 9、0.021 4、0.149 0、0.122 0、0.295 0 μg/L,与实测值基本一致. 气相、土壤相及沉积物相中6种PAHs的计算值与实测值吻合较好,模型可靠. 土壤相和沉积物相中PAHs残留量(以n计)占该区总残留量的92.6%,远高于气相和水相. PAHs在鄱阳湖区多介质中的相间迁移通量以气相→土相、水相→沉积物相、沉积物相→水相为主. 鄱阳湖区各介质中高环PAHs主要源于外来污水和外来废气输入,外来污水输入量(以n计)和外来废气输入量分别占59.4%和33.6%. 中环和低环PAHs主要源于当地的废气排放和外来污水输入. 土壤相和沉积物相是鄱阳湖区PAHs主要的汇,由土壤和沉积物的内源释放而可能引起的二次污染应引起重视.      

兰州城区多环芳烃的多介质归趋模拟研究

利用城市多介质逸度模型模拟了稳态假设下兰州市区16种PAHs在大气、水体、土壤、沉积物、悬浮颗粒物、鱼体、植物和有机膜相中的浓度分布,同时与实测值进行对比,并根据模拟结果计算了相间迁移通量.结果表明,多环芳烃在空气中浓度最小,在不透水有机膜中浓度最大.化石燃料燃烧是PAHs进入环境的主要途径,迁移过程包括扩散、沉降和侵蚀等,土壤降解是PAHs在系统中损失的主要途径:土壤是PAHs主要的汇(占99.86％),但随着环数的增加,其通过大气平流途径从系统中消失的量明显减少,在气相中的降解损失亦降低.有机膜相的存在加速了多环芳烃在大气-有机膜相-水体之间的交换和运动.模型计算浓度与实测浓度吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,并通过灵敏度分析,确定了模型的关键参数.     

成都市锦江表层水和沉积物中有机磷酸酯的污染特征

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测地表水及沉积物中7种典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的实验室分析检测方法:磷酸三丁酯(tri-n-butyl phosphate,Tn BP)、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate,TEHP]、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(tributoxyethyl phosphate,TBEP)、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPh P)、磷酸三氯乙酯[tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三氯丙酯(trichloropropyl phosphate,TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP).方法回收率为76%~119%(表层水)和83%~126%(沉积物).采集并分析了成都市母亲河-锦江的表层水及沉积物中七种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度及分布,发现其表层水中∑7OPEs的浓度范围为689.09~10623.94 ng·L-1,平均值为3747.58 ng·L-1.各单体浓度水平顺序为TBEPTCEPTPh PTEHPTCPPTn BP,其中浓度最高的单体TBEP占∑7OPEs总浓度的36.50%~95.90%.沉积物中Σ7OPEs含量(以dw计)水平为25.52~296.00 ng·g-1,主要污染物为TBEP.沉积物相和水相中OPEs浓度没有显著的相关性,但均以烷基类OPEs为主.OPEs的分布主要受人为排放源的影响.表层水中TCPP和Tn BP、TBEP和TEHP、TCEP和TPh P两两之间可能存在共同的来源.     

成都市锦江表层水和沉积物中有机磷酸酯的污染特征

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测地表水及沉积物中7种典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的实验室分析检测方法:磷酸三丁酯(tri-n-butyl phosphate,Tn BP)、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate,TEHP]、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(tributoxyethylphosphate,TBEP)、磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPh P)、磷酸三氯乙酯[tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三氯丙酯(trichloropropyl phosphate,TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP).方法回收率为76%～119%(表层水)和83%～126%(沉积物).采集并分析了成都市母亲河锦江的表层水及沉积物中7种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的浓度及分布,发现其表层水中Σ7OPEs的浓度范围为689. 09～10 623. 94 ng·L~(-1),平均值为3 747. 58 ng·L~(-1).各单体浓度水平顺序为TBEP TCEP TPh P TEHP TCPP Tn BP,其中浓度最高的单体TBEP占Σ7OPEs总浓度的36. 50%～95. 90%.沉积物中Σ7OPEs含量(以dw计)水平为25. 52～296. 00 ng·g~(-1),主要污染物为TBEP.沉积物相和水相中OPEs浓度没有显著的相关性,但均以烷基类OPEs为主. OPEs的分布主要受人为排放源的影响.表层水中TCPP和Tn BP、TBEP和TEHP、TCEP和TPh P两两之间可能存在共同的来源.     

广州地区典型多溴联苯醚迁移和归趋行为模拟

运用多介质逸度模型对典型PBDEs(BDE47、BDE99、BDE209)在广州地区大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的浓度分布与多介质间的迁移、归趋进行了模拟研究并分析了3种化合物在研究区域环境多介质间的迁移通量,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;以BDE47和BDE209为例,对模型的输入参数进行灵敏度分析;并以BDE209为例,对模型进行不确定性分析.通过模拟浓度与实测浓度的对比,表明模型在该地区具有很好的适用性.结果表明,环境系统达到平衡时,BDE47、BDE99和BDE209在土壤和沉积物中的含量分别占其在环境系统总含量的17.73%和82.26%,14.65%和85.35%,4.81%和95.19%;PBDEs从环境系统中的消失途径主要为大气平流输出和土壤降解;logKow和大气平流输入是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素;不确定性分析指出BDE209在土壤相中浓度的变异系数最大.     

广州地区典型多溴联苯醚迁移和归趋行为模拟

运用多介质逸度模型对典型PBDEs(BDE47、BDE99、BDE209)在广州地区大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的浓度分布与多介质间的迁移、归趋进行了模拟研究并分析了3种化合物在研究区域环境多介质间的迁移通量,确定其在环境中的主要迁移过程;结合实际监测数据,对模型的可靠性进行验证;以BDE47和BDE209为例,对模型的输入参数进行灵敏度分析;并以BDE209为例,对模型进行不确定性分析.通过模拟浓度与实测浓度的对比,表明模型在该地区具有很好的适用性.结果表明,环境系统达到平衡时,BDE47、BDE99和BDE209在土壤和沉积物中的含量分别占其在环境系统总含量的17.73%和82.26%,14.65%和85.35%,4.81%和95.19%;PBDEs从环境系统中的消失途径主要为大气平流输出和土壤降解;logKow和大气平流输入是影响化合物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素;不确定性分析指出BDE209在土壤相中浓度的变异系数最大.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.