蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿对DNA吸附与解吸特征

采用平衡法研究了蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值和不同电解质溶液下的DNA吸附解吸特征.结果表明,在4种电解质体系中,尤其在溶液pH值>5.0时,3种矿物在吸附过DNA后,pH有不同程度上升,但CaCl2电解质体系中含针铁矿溶液的pH开始下降.针铁矿对DNA的吸附率大约为75%～91%,高岭土对DNA的吸附率从pH为3.5时的90%开始下降,至pH 6.0～7.0时的下降至大约18%～50%.在一价电解质体系,当溶液pH值为2.2～5.0时蒙脱土对DNA的吸附率大约为90%开始下降至25%～40%,但在二价电解质体系蒙脱土对DNA的吸附率大约为92%.Freundlich等温吸附方程能更好的拟合针铁矿、蒙脱土和高岭土对DNA的吸附.蒙脱土对DNA相对吸附容量在pH 3.5时大于针铁矿,而pH 5.0时小于针铁矿.以NaOAc为解吸剂,针铁矿、蒙脱土和高岭土上吸附DNA在不同pH时解吸率分别为0.1%～0.4%、63.7%～90.2%和29.7%～87.5%.以NaH2PO4为解吸剂时,这些矿物吸附DNA的解吸率分别为69.6%～78.7%、0.8%～7.0%和0.4%～2.2%.这表明针铁矿吸附DNA时键合作用较大,蒙脱土和高岭土静电引力较大,这是DNA在不同电荷类型矿物表面的吸附差异.     

CrⅥ adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

It is observed that the adsorption of chromium are greater on kaolinite minerals, red soil (R) and laterite (L) colloids than that on montmorillonite, indicotic black (IB) and yellow brown (YB) soil colloids. The adsorption process of CrⅥ on these media can be further described by Langmuir or Freundlich equation quite well. The adsorption reaction of CrⅥ is fast, and the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within the first two hours in moderate temperature. The adsorption quantity of CrⅥ to kaolinite mineral increased with the increasing pH in the range of 2.0 to 7.0, then decreased at higher pH. But it showed some consistence among the four soil colloids. The lower the pH, the stronger the adsorption. The possible mechanisms are further discussed here. Meanwhile the influence of temperature on CrⅥ adsorption on different soil colloid and clay minerals are also investigated.     

CrⅥ adsorption on four typical soil colloids: equilibrium and kinetics

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模拟酸雨条件下Cd2+在土壤及其矿物表面的解吸动力学特征

利用流动搅动法研究在模拟酸雨条件下土壤和矿物表面Cd2+的解吸动力学特征,结果表明,Cd²⁺的解吸动力学能用一级动力学描述,红壤和针铁矿上Cd²⁺解吸率为70%～100%,砖红壤和高岭土上解吸率为25%～50%;砖红壤上Cd²⁺解吸动力学可用扩散方程描述,但该方程并不适合描述红壤、针铁矿和高岭土上Cd²⁺的解吸;Elovich方程在描述Cd²⁺解吸时比双常数方程和抛物线扩散方程要好,这也说明Cd²⁺的解吸为一非均相扩散过程.Cd²⁺的解吸过程分为快反应和慢反应,快反应过程在60min内完成(除砖红壤外),随后达到平衡状态.Cd²⁺在土壤表面的快反应与交换态Cd²⁺有关,边面羟基化的键合点位与Cd²⁺亲和力的不同是导致Cd²⁺解吸速率和解吸量差异的原因.流出液pH值的上升反映出土壤表面存在质子的消耗,这可能与硫酸根的专性吸附释放羟基和矿物表面的质子化有关,这在砖红壤上表现得特别明显.     

土壤矿物质-可溶态生物炭的交互作用及其对碳稳定性的影响

将生物质转化为生物炭并输入土壤被认为是一种很有前景的碳封存技术.生物炭颗粒在土壤中会不断释放出可溶态生物炭,这部分生物炭不稳定,易被微生物分解.探明土壤组分矿物质对可溶态生物炭稳定性的影响对评估生物炭的碳封存作用具有重要意义.因此,本文以核桃壳生物炭为研究对象,通过批次吸附实验及微生物降解实验研究了2种代表性土壤矿物质高岭土和针铁矿与核桃壳生物炭可溶有机组分的结合机理,以及这种结合作用对可溶态生物炭稳定性的影响.结果表明:低浓度(如20 mg·L-1)可溶态生物炭条件下,高岭土与可溶态生物炭之间以Ca2+架桥作用为主,约占吸附总量的65%;高浓度(如80 mg·L-1)条件下,以范德华力为主,约占吸附总量的76%.随着可溶态生物炭初始浓度的升高,针铁矿对其吸附量先升高后下降,且以范德华力为主,Ca2+会抑制针铁矿对可溶态生物炭的吸附.被矿物质吸附后的可溶态生物炭,其微生物降解性显著下降,可降解的碳下降了47.9%~85.3%,土壤矿物质能够吸附保护可溶态生物炭,提高其在土壤中的稳定性.     

Di-(2-ethylhexy)-phthalate在细菌及细菌-矿物复合体表面的吸附解吸行为

以土壤中分离出的邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)高耐性细菌(伯克霍尔德菌,Burkholderia sp.)及3种常见矿物为实验材料,研究Burkholderia sp.及其矿物复合体对DEHP的吸附解吸行为,包括吸附动力学、吸附等温曲线、pH的影响、FTIR分析等.结果显示,Burkholderia sp.能在较短时间内完成对DEHP的吸附;DEHP在细菌表面的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程(R20.97);Burkholderia sp.吸附DEHP的最适pH为7.0~8.0.蒙脱石、针铁矿、高岭土及细菌对DEHP的吸附能力大小依次为:蒙脱石针铁矿伯克霍尔德菌高岭土;同时,蒙脱石-细菌复合体系对DEHP结合能力最强,而高岭土和针铁矿-细菌复合体系对DEHP的结合强度较小.FTIR分析结果表明细菌表面的蛋白质及脂质部分在DEHP吸附过程中的作用较大,而疏水性作用等是DEHP与细菌及复合体相互结合的主要作用力.这些结果都与DEHP在环境中的迁移转化行为密切相关,对评估该类化合物的环境生态风险以及控制环境污染都具有重要的指导意义.     

土壤焙烧过程中碘的释放及其环境意义

研究了温度和焙烧时间对黄壤和红壤碘排放的影响。随着焙烧时间的增加,土壤中碘的逸出率呈上升趋势,900℃时焙烧90min后碘的排放基本达到平衡。土壤中的碘主要以吸附形式存在,各种吸附剂对碘的吸附强度不同,从105℃开始即有部分碘被释放出来,随着温度的升高,更多的碘被解吸、释放。焙烧90分钟,1100℃时碘的逸出基本达到平衡,红壤和黄壤碘的逸出率分别为99.85%和98.52%。500℃和900℃左右是土壤碘释放的两个高峰,分别对应着高岭石和蒙脱石的脱羟基作用,这表明有相当一部分I-取代粘土矿物晶格中的OH-而进入了晶格内部。粘土砖生产过程中碘的排放系数约为97.56%,通过计算得出我国粘土砖生产每年向空气中排放4100t碘,其对生态环境与人体健康有重要影响。     

不同铁矿物对水稻土砷的稳定化效果及机制

水淹缺氧条件是驱动水稻土砷释放引起砷污染的主要原因,其中,铁矿物在砷的迁移转化过程中扮演重要的角色.为研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对水稻土砷的稳定化效果,分析了3种铁矿物对土壤溶液砷浓度的影响,采用土壤溶液中亚铁和总铁的浓度变化来评估不同铁矿物对砷的稳定化效果,并对3种铁矿物进行扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表征分析.结果表明,水铁矿具有最大的比表面积,为192.54m2·g-1,且微孔孔容达到0.069 cm3·g~(-1),针铁矿和赤铁矿依次减少,而3种铁矿物的结晶度以针铁矿最高,赤铁矿和水铁矿依次降低.施用水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿均有效地降低了土壤溶液中砷的浓度,当添加量为2.0%(质量分数)时,土壤溶液中砷浓度分别降低62.55%、61.36%和55.16%.相关性分析表明,随着无定形铁含量的提高,其对砷的稳定化效果趋于显著,其中,土壤无定型铁与无定型结合态砷含量存在正相关关系(r=0.879,p=0.009),而与土壤溶液砷存在负相关关系(r=-0.895,p=0.006).     

苏北闵桥含油玄武岩中粘土矿物的组合特征及其应用

苏北闵桥地区含油玄武岩的主要次生蚀变粘土矿物为：皂石，绿泥石，蒙脱石，伊利石，伊利石／蒙脱石混层，高岭石，方沸石等，不同类型的玄武岩中粘土矿物组合不同，最具特征的组合为：致密玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋其它矿物；淬碎玄武岩－蒙脱石（为主）＋伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层＋高岭石，碎裂玄武岩－皂石（为主）＋绿泥石＋方沸石，蚀变玄武岩中，随着蚀变作用由弱到强，这些粘土矿物可以分成四个带，皂石带－绿泥石带－蒙脱石带－高岭石带，这种分带性与夏威夷玄武岩中热液成因的粘土矿物的分布性具有可比性，在一个玄武岩岩流单元不同部位，特征粘土矿物为：底部－蒙脱石；中倍位－皂石，顶部位－伊利石＋伊利石／蒙脱石混层，风化带特征粘土矿物为蒙脱石，少量高岭石，本文还对利用粘土矿物组合特征在玄武岩含油性，古地理及古环境等方面的应用进行了探讨。     

甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石表面的吸附行为研究

研究了甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石两种粘土矿物表面的吸附行为,考察了时间、pH值和农药浓度对吸附的影响,并用FTIR探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明,蒙脱石和高岭石对甲萘威的吸附是一个先快后慢的过程,10h吸附可基本达到平衡。用动力学方程对甲萘威的吸附过程进行拟合,发现Elovich方程为最佳模型(R20.93,p0.05,n=12),其次是一级动力学方程和双常数方程;甲萘威在蒙脱石和高岭石表面的等温吸附均很好地符合Langmuir方程(R20.99,p0.05,n=6),其最大吸附量分别为3.651mg/g和1.688mg/g;蒙脱石对甲萘威的吸附强度大于高岭石;在实验pH范围内,甲萘威在两种矿物表面的吸附量均随体系初始pH的升高而减小;红外光谱分析结果表明,甲萘威分子可能通过氢键与蒙脱石和高岭石发生结合。     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment. Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, and investigated the effects of phosphate (P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu²⁺ of soil aggregates, free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates, goethite, and kaolinite with batch adsorption method. The results showed that Cu²⁺ adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P, and promoted with high concentrations of P, showing a V-shaped change. Compared with the untreated aggregates, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260, 220, 130 and 110 mg/kg for coarse, clay, silt and fine sand fractions, respectively. On the contrary, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values. However, the desorption of Cu²⁺ was enhanced at low levels of P, but suppressed at high levels of P, displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption. The Cu²⁺ adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation. Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite. However, such P effects on Cu²⁺ adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates. The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu²⁺ adsorption.     

土壤中不同粘粒矿物在高温下释放氟污染物的研究

研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、水铝英石、蛭石和针铁矿在高温下释放氟污染物的特征.结果表明:高温下氟化物从这些矿物中的逸出率不仅随矿物种类而变化,而且与烧成温度、比表面积、矿物结构水含量的变化以及高温加热时间密切相关.蒙脱石的晶格瓦解温度比高岭石的滞后,可能是不同高温下蒙脱石氟化物逸出比高岭石滞后的原因之一.含钙化合物能降低氟从蒙脱石中的逸出率.以CaCO₃处理蒙脱石为例,800℃时,氟化物逸出率比对照降低了59.6%,800℃时,5种含钙物质的固氟能力的大小顺序为:CaCO₃＞CaO＞Ca₃(PO₄)₂＞Ca(OH)₂＞CaSO₄.     

pH对粘土矿物胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

环境pH值条件的变化是影响土壤胶体运移的重要因素之一.本文选取土壤体系中常见的两种不同结构类型的粘土矿物胶体高岭石和蒙脱石作为主要实验材料,通过室内模拟实验和数学模型分析的手段,分别研究了不同pH值条件下,两种无机胶体在多孔介质中的迁移规律.结果表明:高岭石胶体受溶液的pH条件影响强烈,随着pH的变化,ξ电位及颗粒粒径大小发生明显变化,不同的pH条件下的穿透曲线差异明显.在酸性条件下,高岭石胶体回收率显著降低,而蒙脱石胶体基本不受pH影响;利用HYDRUS-1D模型拟合结果与测定数据之间非常匹配,说明利用该模型模拟饱和条件下胶体在多孔介质中的迁移完全可靠.     

低浓度范围内聚丙烯酰胺在黏土矿物上的吸附特征

用酰胺基团溴化后碘化镉-淀粉显色分光光度法测定了在0～50mg/L低浓度范围内聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在高岭土和蒙脱土上的吸附等温线,并考察了电解质浓度和类型对吸附的影响.结果表明,PAM在黏土矿物上有很强的吸附亲合力,吸附等温线为Langmuir型.电解质能大大增强PAM在黏土矿物上的吸附,其中二价离子比一价阳离子更有效.电解质浓度较低时,PAM分子主要以链序态吸附,电解质浓度较高时以链环态、链端态吸附的数量逐渐增多.PAM的吸附只限制在层状黏土矿物的外表面上.在Na⁺介质中,PAM在两种黏土矿物上的吸附量差别不大;而在Ca²⁺介质中,蒙脱土悬浮颗粒产生分裂,为PAM的吸附提供新的外表面积,PAM的吸附量大大高于在高岭土上的吸附量,前者约是后者的2～3倍.     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu~(2+) on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment.Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region,and investigated the effects of phosphate(P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu~(2+) of soil aggregates,free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates,goethite,and kaolinite with batch adsorption method.The results showed that Cu~(2+) adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P,and promoted with high concentrations of P,showing a V-shaped change.Compared with the untreated aggregates,the adsorption capacity of Cu~(2+) was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260,220,130 and110 mg/kg for coarse,clay,silt and fine sand fractions,respectively.On the contrary,the adsorption capacity of Cu~(2+) was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values.However,the desorption of Cu~(2+) was enhanced at low levels of P,but suppressed at high levels of P,displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption.The Cu~(2+) adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation.Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite.However,such P effects on Cu~(2+)adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates.The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu~(2+) adsorption.     

Applicability of DNA isolated from syncytiotrophoblast vesicles to gene amplification and molecular analysis

Maternal contamination of fetal DNA represents a major problem when highly sensitive molecular techniques are used in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases. For this reason, we have studied the possibility of using DNA isolated from syncytiotrophoblast vesicles as a target of gene amplification (PCR). Three PCR systems were selected which included a repetitive 149 bp fragment of the Y chromosome, the VNTR locus D1S80, and a portion of the β-globin gene. The results of these experiments indicate that DNA isolated from syncytiotrophoblast vesicles is free of maternal contamination and is suitable for gene amplification and DNA analysis.     

尿素对除草剂氯磺隆在三种土壤上的吸附影响

利用平衡吸附法研究了三种供试矿物对氯磺隆的吸附及尿素对吸附的影响。供试矿物对氯磺隆的吸附符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量大小顺序为:非晶形氧化铝(2322μg/g)针铁矿(2071μg/g)高岭土(1326μg/g);尿素的加入使得磺酰脲除草剂氯磺隆在非晶形氧化铝、针铁矿表面的吸附量都有不同程度的下降,其中非晶形氧化铝降低的幅度最大,但在高岭土表面的吸附量有所增加,且尿素和氯磺隆同时加入时增加更显著。     

高岭土和蒙脱土存在下nC60纳米颗粒稳定性研究

通过沉降实验研究了不同浓度高岭土和蒙脱土分别对富勒烯纳米颗粒（nC₆₀）稳定性的影响,利用沉降模型并结合zeta电位、粒径、SEM、TEM进行原因分析.单体系中nC₆₀的稳定性好,高岭土胶体稳定性差且随浓度增加而降低,蒙脱土胶体稳定性好且与浓度无明显关系.整体上,高岭土和蒙脱土可以降低nC₆₀的稳定性.随着高岭土浓度增加,nC₆₀稳定性显著降低;而蒙脱土对nC₆₀稳定性降低较小且与浓度无明显关系.结果表明,nC₆₀的稳定性由黏土控制,两种黏土在结构和比表面积上的差异,使它们对nC₆₀稳定性影响不同.模型分析表明,一阶沉降模型和修正的一阶沉降模型分别适用于高岭土和蒙脱土参与的胶体沉降过程.该研究可为评估nC₆₀对地下水环境的影响提供重要参考.     

粘土矿物对重金属有害元素吸附性研究

文章从粘土矿物主要性能出发,结合粘土矿物吸附能力试验和已知采矿污染区粘土矿物吸附能力测试,研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石等粘土矿物对Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg等重金属有害元素的吸附性,探讨了粘土矿物在水污染治理中的应用。     

针铁矿-高岭石复合体的表面性质和吸附氟的特性

采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外(FT-IR)光谱、质子电位滴定、比表面及微孔分析等方法对针铁矿、高岭石及其复合体的基本性质进行了表征;研究了供试样品对氟的吸附容量及吸附模型.结果表明,在悬浮液体系中,针铁矿可包被在高岭石表面形成二元复合体.复合体的孔径主要分布在0.42 nm和0.61 nm左右,BET表面积为34.08 m2/g,表面分形度D=2.726,质子电荷零点(pHPZNPC)位于5.50～6.50间.初始pH=6.00时,针铁矿对氟的吸附容量(qmax)为4.506 mg/g,高岭石的吸附容量为0.608 mg/g,复合体的吸附容量为3.520 mg/g.用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合了针铁矿、高岭石及复合体对氟的等温吸附数据,其中Langmuir方程拟合的相关系数(R2)分别为0.964、0.991和0.799,Freundlich方程拟合的相关系数分别为0.925、0.886和0.995.3种矿物吸附氟的主要机制有阴离子配体交换、表面配位和静电作用;此外,"F-键桥"对复合体吸附氟也有重要贡献.与2种单体的平均值比较,针铁矿-高岭石复合体的孔体积和孔径分布无明显变化,比表面积和表面分形度增加,表面羟基含量和质子电荷量减少,吸附氟的能力增强.针铁矿和高岭石单体对氟的吸附属于单层吸附模式,适合用Langmuir方程拟合;多层吸附模型Freundlich方程可很好地描述复合体对氟的吸附.