渗透法处理高盐废水的原理及工艺

高浓度含盐废水的主要处理方法有反渗透、离子交换、蒸馏等,目前处理成本比较高.为改变当前高盐废水处理成本居高不下的现状,受渗透的基本原理启发,以分析渗透法处理高盐废水的基本原理为基础,提出渗透法处理高盐废水的新工艺.以溶质氨的设计溶液为例,分析高盐废水处理的新工艺流程及工艺的可行性,并对比反渗透工艺,详细阐述新工艺的特点.经计算分析认为,基于渗透原理的高盐废水处理工艺可降低高盐废水的处理成本,可作为高含盐废水处理方法的一个新的研究方向.     

高盐废水处理技术研究新进展

高盐废水盐浓度高,离子强度大,处理方法主要有生物法、电化学法、生物与物化组合法等。该类废水的生物处理主要是利用耐盐嗜盐微生物的降解作用。在对国内外高含盐废水处理技术的实验研究成果及其在实际废水工程中的应用进行调研对各工艺的运行条件及处理状况进行综述的基础上,进而介绍根据文献及笔者对高盐、高氰和高氨的三聚氯氟废水的处理效果发现的生物物理、物化组合法,这是一种非常有效的处理工艺,是高盐废水处理的主要发展方向。     

微电解混凝及生物法处理肠衣加工废水

肠衣加工废水属于高盐废水,其水质盐浓度高,离子强度大,处理方法主要有电化学法、生物法、生物与物化组合法等。该类废水的生物处理主要是利用耐盐嗜盐微生物的降解作用。在对国内外高含盐废水处理技术及其在实际废水工程中的应用研究的基础上,本文采用微电解混凝化学法与生物处理法的组合工艺。通过本工程对高盐、高浓度有机废水的处理效果发现,生物物理、物化组合法是一种非常有效的处理工艺,是高盐废水处理的主要发展方向。     

现代煤化工废水近零排放技术集成与优化建议

文章介绍了现代煤化工产业的发展现状及其面临的环境挑战,并对现代煤化工废水组成及特性进行了分析。通过对有机废水和含盐废水进行分类收集、分质处理、分级回用,现代煤化工废水处理系统从重视单元技术发展为统筹考虑工艺衔接和源头治理的关键技术集成,形成了废水预处理-生化处理-再生水回用-含盐废水膜处理-蒸发结晶处理的基本技术框架。同时,针对现代煤化工项目废水处理系统实际运行中出现的问题进行分析,提出解决思路,优化技术集成,进一步破解现代煤化工废水近零排放的技术瓶颈,降低废水近零排放的经济成本并提高运行稳定性。     

内蒙古自治区高含盐水处理技术现状及进展

高含盐水是一种难处理的废水,本文介绍了目前高含盐水的各种处理技术,分析其在高含盐水处理过程中存在的主要问题,讨论了国内外对含高盐废水处理技术的研究进展,同时研究了比较适合内蒙古自治区高含盐水处理的“Nano”膜技术,提出我区处理高含盐水的建议和措施,为今后高含盐废水处理技术应用提供借鉴.     

煤化工不同浓度含盐废水相对蒸发率的试验研究

煤化工含盐废水的自然蒸发工艺是浓缩高盐废水无害化处理的重要方法之一。与淡水的蒸发不同,含盐废水的蒸发不仅受气温、湿度、风速等外部因素的影响,也受到废水溶解物质及其离子、分子间相互作用等内部因素的影响,但逐个考察影响含盐废水蒸发速率的各个因素与蒸发速率的关系比较困难。通过煤化工不同浓度含盐废水的蒸发试验,找出了含盐废水相对蒸发速率与TDS、密度及盐度之间的关系,对煤化工行业蒸发池的运行管理具有一定的参考价值。     

高盐废水处理研究新发展

高盐废水处理比较困难.传统的物化、生化法处理高盐废水可以达到一定的效果,但都存在着不可避免的弊端。因此,笔者在过去几年国内外高盐废水处理研究的基础上,介绍近阶段高盐废水处理的新方法,总结经验。     

螺旋藻废水处理工艺及其应用

综述了高盐螺旋藻生产废水的处理新工艺—螺旋藻废水处理工艺。该处理工艺包括电渗析（ED）法综合性能高、反渗透（RO）法处理效率高的特点,工艺的应用实现程海周边螺旋藻生产废水达标零排放并资源化利用的目标。     

造纸废水中水回用工程设计分析

造纸废水中水回用实现了废水达标处理,提升水资源利用效率。本文以某造纸废水处理原始工艺及改造为例,探讨了新工艺的处理效果,具有积极的现实推广应用价值。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫废水处理方法与技术进展

燃煤电厂石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫塔,在运行过程中会产生一定量高含盐量、高悬浮物、高硬度的脱硫废水。化学沉淀法是目前使用最广的脱硫废水处理方法,但存在着加药量大、污泥产生量大、出水含盐量高等缺点。综述了湿法烟气脱硫废水的产生过程、杂质来源、水质特性,介绍了化学沉淀法等传统处理工艺和烟道蒸发、蒸发结晶、炉渣废热综合利用等几种零排放技术的处理思路、流程、优势以及存在的问题。结合国内外高盐废水处理技术的研究进展,介绍了膜分离、正渗透等资源化技术在脱硫废水中的应用情况。最后结合国家废水处理政策与脱硫废水处理现状、技术进展,对烟气脱硫废水处理的发展方向进行展望。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.