千岛湖库区及其主要入库河流水中有机氯农药残留污染特征及健康风险评价

利用气相色谱法对采集于2011年7月和2011年11月的千岛湖(新安江水库)库区及其主要入库河流表层水中10种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了分析,初步明确千岛湖水体中HCHs与DDTs的组成特征及来源,并对其健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,千岛湖水体中检出8种微量的OCPs,检出频率最高的是p,p’-DDT、α-HCH和p,p’-DDE.12个采样点均有不同浓度检出,库区ΣOCPs的浓度范围在1.9~7.6 ng·L-1,属低污染水平,3条主要入库河流ΣOCPs的浓度范围则是1.2~212ng·L-1.千岛湖水体中OCPs污染空间分布各异,主干流新安江为千岛湖OCPs污染的主要输入源;时间上丰水期大于枯水期,显示为面源污染特征.通过特征组分比例可确认HCHs污染主要是长距离传输或工业HCHs的降解,而DDTs则有新源输入.利用EPA推荐方法对通过饮水和皮肤接触途径摄入千岛湖水体中OCPs的健康风险进行评价:致癌健康风险指数在0.06×10-7~23.2×10-7,均位于EPA推荐的可接受风险范围内;非致癌健康风险指数介于3.43×10-5~6.01×10-3,根据评价标准均未超标.结果表明千岛湖水体中OCPs对人体产生的致癌、非致癌健康危害可忽略.     

武汉典型饮用水水源中典型POPs污染特征与健康风险评估

为了揭示武汉典型饮用水水源中典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染特征与风险水平,采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱定性定量分析法,对武汉长江及其支流上18个典型集中式饮用水水源地,共26个采样点水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)浓度进行了检测,分析了 POPs的污染水平,并开展健康风险评估.结果表明,26个采样点均有PAHs检出,除苯并[k]荧蒽检出率为88.46％外,其他15种单体检出率均为100.00％,多环芳烃累积ρ(∑PAHs)检出范围为57.04～475.79 ng·L-1,平均值为173.86 ng·L-1.PAHs污染程度总体较低,PAHs主要以中低环芳烃为主,来源于以石油源为主的混合源.共有8种OCPs被检出,(∑OCPs)范围为ND-4.57 ng.L-1,平均值为0.78 ng·L-1,OCPs浓度水平相对较低.共有24种PCBs被检出,ρ(∑PCBs)范围为ND-77.49 ng·L-1,平均值为9.88 ng·L-1,PCBs主要以不易降解的高氯联苯为主,部分点位PCBs浓度超过我国地表水环境质量标准限值,HeptaCBs-180物质需要引起持续关注.健康风险评估结果显示,研究区域内PAHs和PCBs的致癌风险指数均处于10-6～10-4,对人体可能产生潜在的致癌风险;OCPs和PCBs的非致癌风险指数均小于1,不会对人体产生非致癌风险.     

白洋淀水体中有机氯农药的残留特征及其健康风险评估

利用固相萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对河北白洋淀南刘庄(包括府河)和采蒲台区域水体中24种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行提取和含量测定,分析了水体中OCPs的残留含量以及分布和组成特征,根据HCHs和DDTs的组成特征进行了来源解析,并对水体中的OCPs健康风险进行了评估。结果表明:(1)研究区域水体中检出的OCPs主要是HCHs、DDTs、三氯杀螨醇、狄氏剂和灭蚁灵;南刘庄(包括府河)的表层水体和上覆水体中OCPs总浓度范围分别为1.01～24.01 ng/L和3.02～23.51 ng/L,采蒲台表层水体和上覆水体中OCPs总浓度范围分别为0.05～5.63 ng/L和1.25～17.85 ng/L;南刘庄2019年12月已清淤区表层水体中OCPs总浓度为7.80 ng/L,低于未清淤区表层水体中OCPs的平均浓度(11.73 ng/L),2020年9月和11月已清淤区表层水体中OCPs总浓度分别为2.68 ng/L和3.01 ng/L;采蒲台2019年12月已清淤区表层水体中OCPs总浓度为0.18 ng/L,低于未清淤区表层水体中OCPs的平均浓度(1.56 ng/L),2020年9月已清淤区表层水体中OCPs总浓度为0.34 ng/L,2020年10月和11月清除围堰后区域表层水体中OCPs总浓度分别为0.76 ng/L和0.74 ng/L,低于未清除围堰区域表层水体中OCPs总浓度(0.86 ng/L)。说明采取清淤和清除围堰的措施能减少OCPs在表层水体中的残留。(2)南刘庄(包括府河)和采蒲台表层水体中HCHs和DDTs含量最高的是β-HCH、γ-HCH和p, p′-DDE,其主要来源于历史残留,在部分点位水体中存在林丹、工业HCHs和三氯杀螨醇、工业DDTs的新输入。DDTs在水体中的代谢产物主要是DDE,表明其代谢条件以好氧降解为主。(3)南刘庄(包括府河)和采蒲台表层水体中OCPs的致癌风险和非致癌风险均较低,不会对周围环境和人体健康产生威胁。     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地水体与沉积物中有机氯农药污染特征

湿地对环境污染起重要的缓冲作用,但岩溶区岩溶管道的存在会导致污染物沿高度发达的岩溶管道对地下环境产生威胁.因此,认识岩溶地貌环境中的污染物分布特征是污染物生态风险评估与防范的前提.以24种有机氯农药（OCPs）为研究对象,分析了桂林会仙湿地枯水期和丰水期水体和表层沉积物中OCPs的含量组成特征,解析其来源,并开展风险评价.结果表明,水体中ρ（OCPs）范围为3.17~92.50 ng ·L^-1,沉积物中ω（OCPs）范围为1.16~219.52 ng ·g^-1,呈现以六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）为主的污染特征,水中OCPs含量表现为丰水期高于枯水期,沉积物中OCPs含量枯水期高于丰水期.特征比值法表明OCPs主要为长时间降解残留,部分点位有林丹的新输入.基于蒙特卡洛模拟开展健康风险评价,结果表明,95%分位数水平上,水体中OCPs对人体致癌风险大于1×10^-6,存在潜在健康风险但可接受;非致癌风险均低于1,说明研究区水体中OCPs残留水平不足以对人体造成非致癌风险.     

水质异味期间钱塘江杭州段表层水体中挥发性和半挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

以水质异味事件发生前、发生中、发生后钱塘江杭州段表层水体为研究对象,用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法和液液萃取三重四级杆气相色谱-质谱法测定125种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和半挥发性有机物(SVOCs),分析其污染特征,并对监测结果进行健康风险评价.结果表明,4个监测断面表层水样定量检出17种化合物,检出质量浓度范围为0.01~1.21μg·L~(-1),属于低污染水平;二氯甲烷检出浓度最高,检出量占检出总量的36.3%,是主要贡献因子.异味事件发生期间,VOCs和SVOCs质量浓度明显高于发生前3个月或后3个月,高出幅度达2.1~4.6倍,体现了极强的外在源输入性;利用EPA推荐方法对通过饮水和皮肤接触途径摄入钱塘江水体中VOCs和SVOCs的健康风险进行评价,结果表明总非致癌风险指数ΣHI介于2.4×10~(-3)~3.6×10~(-2),总致癌风险指数ΣR介于1.9×10~(-7)~1.0×10~(-6),均属于社会人群可接受区间,因此尽管异味事件发生期间的ΣHI和ΣR均显著高于发生前3个月或后3个月,但其检出的VOCs或SVOCs不会对人体产生明显的非致癌或致癌健康危害.     

雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物的有机氯农药残留特征和健康风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定雷州半岛南部典型农用地土壤-作物有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留含量,探究8种作物对有机氯农药的生物富集特征,并进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明,10种OCPs均有不同程度地检出,其中六六六（HCHs）和七氯是研究区主要污染物,在土壤中残留含量分别为23.83～111.51 ng·g^-1和11.01～25.97 ng·g^-1,在作物中分别为7.54～61.28 ng·g^-1和3.96～30.97 ng·g^-1,少部分土壤和作物样品中该两类OCPs存在超标情况.有87.50%土壤样品α-HCH/γ-HCH小于1,且β-HCH/α-HCH大于1,表明HCHs可能来源于近期林丹的使用和历史施用残留污染,而七氯推测主要来源于地下虫害和白蚁防治药剂的施用.不同作物对OCPs的富集能力差异较大,蔬菜类作物的生物富集能力较强,水果类较弱,且鳞茎类蔬菜（韭菜）明显强于其他蔬菜类别.人体健康风险评价表明,土壤与作物中OCPs对区域内人群基本不会造成明显的健康风险.但韭菜和辣椒作物复合污...     

黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

采集了黄河湿地孟津段滩区表层水体和沉积物样品,采用C18固相萃取柱和索氏提取分离富集、气相色谱-电子捕获（GC-ECD）检测、气相色谱仪-质谱（GC-MS）确证的方法对样品中20种有机氯农药进行分析和研究.结果表明,研究区表层水体中有α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、4,4-DDT、七氯和艾氏剂等7种有机氯农药被检出,检出率为4.2%～62.5%,总含量为ND～12.21 ng/L;沉积物中只有4,4-DDE和4,4-DDT 2种组分被检出,检出率为50％～75％,总含量为ND～64.58 ng/g.表层水体中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均未超标,但表层沉积物中有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.组分分布特征表明,有机氯农药各组分在湿地水体-沉积物的迁移过程中,HCHs在水体中含有较高的比例,沉积物则是DDTs的最终归宿.表层水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的含量具有明显的季节性,从高到低依次为：丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期.源解析的结果表明,表层水体中,HCHs可能主要来源于环境中的早期残留,丰水期可能有林丹的近期输入或附近有林丹的使用;沉积物中,枯水期有机氯农药的污染主要源自环境中的早期残留,而平水期和丰水期则可能有新的污染源输入.总体研究结果表明该区域有机氯农药的来源具有面源污染特征.     

辽河和太湖沉积物中PAHs和OCPs的分布特征及风险评估

于2009年6月分别采集辽河和太湖表层沉积物样品,测定了多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果表明,辽河表层沉积物中∑PAHs含量(干重)为120.8~22120ng/g,平均值为3281ng/g,处于较高的水平;太湖∑PAHs的含量为256.6~1709ng/g,平均值为829.0ng/g,处于中等水平.两采样区的PAHs以4环和5~6环为主,荧蒽含量最高,PAHs主要因热解产生.辽河和太湖表层沉积物中OCPs的含量均处于较低水平,且均以β-HCH为主.利用相平衡分配法建立了15种PAHs和8种OCPs的沉积物基准值,对沉积物中PAHs和OCPs进行了生态风险评估,结果显示辽河流域的浑河段均有∑PAHs、∑DDTs和∑HCHs超标点位,具有较大的生态风险;太湖流域未发现超标点位,沉积物中各类污染物中含量均未超过基准值,生态风险较小.     

白洋淀多环芳烃与有机氯农药季节性污染特征及来源分析

为研究白洋淀表层水体中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)和有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)的季节性污染特征及来源,分析了白洋淀12个监测断面春、夏两季表层水体中17种PAHs和15种OCPs的浓度.结果表明,白洋淀春季表层水体中PAHs总浓度范围是35.38~88.06 ng·L~(-1),平均值为46.57 ng·L~(-1),夏季表层水体中PAHs总浓度范围是25.64~301.41 ng·L~(-1),平均值为76.23 ng·L~(-1);白洋淀春季表层水体中OCPs总浓度范围是0.69~4.50 ng·L~(-1),平均值为1.77 ng·L~(-1);夏季表层水体中OCPs总浓度范围是0.11~3.20 ng·L~(-1),平均值为0.90 ng·L~(-1).白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体中PAHs季节性污染特征表现为前塘、关城和安新桥等3个断面夏季PAHs总浓度要远高于春季,而其他9个断面则均表现为春季略高于夏季;OCPs季节性污染特征表现为关城断面夏季OCPs总浓度高于春季,而其他11个监测断面均表现为春季高于夏季.从白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体PAHs和OCPs组成特征来看,春季各监测断面PAHs主要以三环芳烃为主,占PAHs总浓度的比例为45.92%~61.36%(平均为52.60%);夏季安新桥、前塘和关城等3个监测断面主要以二环芳烃萘(Naphthalene,Nap)为主,其浓度分别占PAHs总浓度的比例高达84.91%、91.04%和78.10%,其他9个监测断面主要以三环芳烃为主,占PAHs总浓度的比例为37.14%~53.90%(平均为48.94%);白洋淀表层水体中只有HCHs和DDTs有不同程度检出,且呈现出以HCHs为主的污染特征,其中,春季各监测断面表层水体中HCHs均以β-HCH为主,占HCHs总浓度的29.94%~100%,平均比例为59.87%,而夏季大张庄、郭里口等5个监测断面表层水体中HCHs以β-HCH为主,占HCHs总浓度的57.55%~80.23%,平均比例为61.98%,其他断面以α-HCHs和δ-HCH为主.分析白洋淀春、夏两季表层水体中PAHs和OCPs的来源,PAHs同分异构体比值显示其PAHs主要来源于燃烧源,部分监测断面还存在石油源;而OCPs同分异构体比值显示其OCPs主要来源于环境残留和大气的长距离传输.白洋淀表层水体中PAHs和OCPs浓度不超过不同国家和组织制定的相关水质标准,但安新桥和圈头两个监测断面表层水体中α-HCH、p,p'-DDD浓度超过了美国环保署制定的人体健康水质基准,表明α-HCH和p,p'-DDD可能会对白洋淀淀区居民产生潜在有害影响.     

滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染水平与饮水健康风险评估

2015年2月采集石家庄地区滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水地下水水样,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了US EPA优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）和酞酸酯（PAEs）,并对PAEs的饮水健康风险进行了评估.结果显示,7个采样点均检出PAHs和PAEs,∑PAHs范围为34.4~598.5ng/L,且2~3环PAHs的质量分数介于50%~83%;∑PAEs范围为27.6~25236.7ng/L,其中有3个点位∑PAEs达到20μg/L水平,且7个点位均以DBP、DEHP为主.与国内其他研究区相比,本研究区∑PAHs浓度与国内非岩溶地下水的污染水平接近,而∑PAEs浓度较高.饮水健康风险评估结果显示,仅G2点位的PAHs终生致癌风险指数小于US EPA推荐的可接受的水平（10^-6）,其致癌风险可以忽略外,其他点位均具有潜在致癌风险;而对于PAEs饮水终生致癌风险而言,G1、G6、G73个点位的PAEs终生致癌风险也均高于10^-6,因此,研究区深层孔隙水中的PAHs和PAEs污染均应当引起重视.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.