Anoxic phosphorus removal in a pilot scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch process

The anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch (A²/O OD) process is popularly used to eliminate nutrients from domestic wastewater. In order to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal, and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A²/O OD process, a pilot-scale A²/O OD plant (375 L) was conducted. At the same time batch tests using sequence batch reactors (12 L and 4 L) were operated to reveal the significance of anoxic phosphorus removal. The results indicated that: The average removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, and TN were 88.2%, 92.6%, 87.8%, and 73.1%, respectively, when the steady state of the pilotscale A²/O OD plant was reached during 31–73 d, demonstrating a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. Phosphorus uptake took place in the anoxic zone by poly-phosphorus accumulating organisms NO₂⁻ could be used as electron receptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal, and the phosphorus uptake rate with NO₂⁻ as the electron receptor was higher than that with NO₃⁻ when the initial concentration of either NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ was 40 mg/L.     

矿井水微量油处理工艺试验研究

通过矿井水微量油处理工艺试验,研究了混凝剂和吸附剂的最佳投加量、PAC和PAM的最佳配比、吸附接触时间等技术参数与矿井水中微量油的去除率之间的关系。实验结果表明：混凝剂PAC与PAM最佳投加量的质量浓度分别是200mg／L和2mg／L;只投加吸附荆颗粒活性碳,微量油的去除率不高,其最佳投加量质量浓度为40mg／L;吸附接触时间对微量油去除率的影响不大;采取混凝、沉淀、过滤、吸附复合工艺,矿井水中微量油的去除率能达到96％,出水清澈,浊度≤2NTU。     

生物淋滤-PAC与PAM联合调理城市污泥

采用生物淋滤-聚合氯化铝(PAC)与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)联合使用工艺对城市污泥进行了调理研究.结果表明,在固定单质硫投量为3 g.L-1的条件下,投加亚铁离子能明显加快污泥生物淋滤速率;FeSO4.7H2O投量为8 g.L-1时,污泥pH降至2约需1.5 d.生物淋滤显著改善了污泥的脱水性能,生物淋滤后使污泥比阻从6.45×1010 s2.g-1降到1.45×1010 s2.g-1,降低了77.52%,但污泥仍属于难脱水污泥.回调淋滤污泥pH至6,投加PAC及PAM对淋滤污泥进行强化调理.结果表明,单独使用PAC与PAM的最佳投量分别为200 mg.L-1和50 mg.L-1;联合使用PAC与PAM时,PAC与PAM的最佳投量分别为100mg.L-1和25 mg.L-1,污泥比阻和滤饼含水率分别为2.02×108 s2.g-1和74.81%,污泥属于易脱水污泥.与单独使用PAC与PAM相比,PAC与PAM联合使用调理污泥费用低、处理效果好.     

宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算

为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT（磷形态标准测试程序）法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO₄3-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:①库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P（钙磷）构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP（无机磷）、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.②孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO₄3-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO₄3-的风险,孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.③采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO₄3-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/（m2·d）,平均值为1.03 mg/（m2·d）,处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.      

Fenton氧化深度处理石化废水厂二级出水研究

采用连续流Fenton氧化对石化废水处理厂二级出水进行了处理试验,研究了药剂投量对COD及磷处理效果的影响,同时对处理过程中有机物的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,原水COD平均为64.8 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均为0.79 mg·L-1,当H2O2(30%)投加量为0.4 m L·L-1,Fe SO4·7H2O的投加量为0.8 g·L-1,PAM投加量为0.9 mg·L-1,停留时间为30 min时,COD的平均去除率为24.3%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1,PO3-4-P平均去除率为95.5%,原水中相对分子质量小于1×103的有机物占80.4%,Fenton氧化处理后该部分比例增加至95.6%.三维荧光分析结果表明,Fenton氧化对水中蛋白类、酚类去除效果显著.GC-MS结果表明,石化二级出水中检出主要有机物约117种,氧化后检出27种,含不饱和键类有机物去除明显.Fenton氧化可用于石化二级出水的深度处理.     

基于优质碳源提供的CAMBR复合工艺短程硝化-反硝化除磷研究

挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)是反硝化除磷过程可以利用的优质碳源,为此本研究结合厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)微生物相分离和膜生物反应器(MBR)出水水质优良的特性,构建了CAMBR复合工艺,并通过优化ABR水力停留时间(HRT)等运行条件以提供优质碳源,实现高效反硝化除磷.研究表明,当ABR的HRT为4.8 h时,可获得充足的VFA作为优质碳源,并实现消耗VFA的量为56.1 mg·L~(-1)的同时获得10.43 mg·L~(-1)的释磷,即释放1 mg磷需要的VFA量为5.38 mg,同时实现12.35 mg·L~(-1)的吸磷,而MBR池的吸磷为1.33 mg·L~(-1).短程硝化除磷过程中,缺氧消耗1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P需要0.62 mg的NO-x-N,吸收1 mg PO_4~(3-)-P所需NO_2~--N的量为1.67~2.04 mg.系统出水水质稳定,COD、TN和溶解性PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别为91%、84%和93%,出水平均浓度分别为30、7.15和0.55 mg·L~(-1),表明CAMBR复合工艺生在处理生活污水过程中可获得稳定高效的反硝化除磷效果.     

How do inundation provoke the release of phosphorus in soil-originated sediment due to nitrogen reduction after reclaiming lake from polder

Different N and P fractions in microcosm incubation experiment was measured using high-resolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure. The results showed the synchronous desorption and release of PO₄^3-, S^2- and Fe²⁺ from the solid soil-originated sediment. This trend indicated that the significant reduction of Fe-P and SO₄^2- occurred in the pore water during the inundation. The concentrations of PO₄^3- in the overlying water and pore water increased to more than 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L at the beginning of the incubation experiment. Decreased NO₃^-concentrations from more than 1.5 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L combining with increasing NH₄⁺ concentrations from less than 1 mg/L to more than 5 mg/L suggested the remarkable NO₃^- reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) pathway over time. High NH₄⁺ concentrations in the pore water aggravated the release of Fe²⁺ through reduction of Fe(III)-P as electric acceptors under anaerobic conditions. This process further stimulated the remarkable releasing of labile PO₄^3- from the solid phase to the solution and potential diffusion into overlying water. Additionally, high S^2- concentration at deeper layer indicated the reduction and releasing of S^2- from oxidation states, which can stimulated the NO₃^- reduction and the accumulation of NH₄⁺ in the pore water. This process can also provoke the reduction of Fe-P as electric acceptors following the release of labile PO₄^3- into pore water. Generally, inundation potentially facilitate the desorption of labile P and attention should be paid during the reclaiming lake from polder.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

三岔河梯级水库生源要素的时空变化特征

氮磷硅等生源要素是影响水体初级生产力、水生态系统结构与功能的重要因素。为了解梯级水库-河流体系营养盐的时空变化特征,对三岔河梯级水库(平寨水库、普定水库、引子渡水库)及入库河流进行了季度调查,分析了其氮、磷、硅营养盐浓度及其相关环境因子。结果显示,溶解硅(DSi)、总溶解氮(TDN)、PO_4~(3-)浓度分别为049～381、212～498、064～761×10~(-2)mg/L,平均值分别为199、325、003 mg/L。TDN和PO_4~(3-)浓度季节性变化较为明显,但空间变化较小;DSi的时空变化均较为显著。TDN浓度夏季较高,而PO_4~(3-)浓度春、冬季较高。TDN与叶绿素显著正相关,而PO_4~(3-)与温度显著负相关,表明两者的影响因素不同。DSi浓度水平沿程依次降低,主要受生物作用控制。DSi浓度随水体深度增加而增加,秋季尤为显著;而TDN和PO_4~(3-)在剖面上的变化因季节和水库的不同而不同。     

藻源性黑水团环境效应:对水-沉积物界面氮磷变化的驱动作用

利用自制的静态模拟实验装置,通过连续抽取间隙水来研究藻细胞沉降在沉积物表面后对水-沉积物界面处的N、P变化的驱动作用及影响效果.结果表明,藻细胞沉降后,在50 min内就完全消耗掉水-沉积物界面处的溶解氧,同时水体出现严重的发黑、发臭现象;形成的厌氧、强还原环境,使得死亡的藻细胞在界面处发生强烈的厌氧矿化作用,界面处的水溶性PO34--P、NH 4+-N在实验的第2 d开始向上覆水中扩散,含量不断增加.至实验结束时(实验第8 d),界面处PO34--P、NH 4+-N的含量分别达到4.00 mg/L、39.45 mg/L,分别为同期对照实验样柱中的10倍和241倍(对照样柱中的PO43--P、NH 4+-N的含量分别为0.42 mg/L、0.16 mg/L).藻细胞的厌氧矿化加剧了氮磷营养盐向上覆水的扩散,在加重水体营养盐含量的同时,也为藻华的再次发生提供了物质基础.     

改性壳聚糖CAD与微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配絮凝研究

采用水溶液自由基聚合反应,将丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)接枝到壳聚糖分子上制成了阳离子改性壳聚糖(CAD).经FT-IR、XRD、zeta(ξ)电位、凝胶色谱等分析确定,CAD为淡黄色透明液体,pH值为3.7,相对分子质量为2.88×10⁶,阳离子度为16.7,等电点(0.1%溶液)约为pH值10.5,有效成分2.6%,主要特征官能团有羟基、氨基、季铵基和酰胺基, 呈不规则晶体结构.将CAD与相对分子质量3.67×10⁵的多糖类电负性微生物絮凝剂MBF8复配,对浊度12~460 NTU、离子强度3.0 mmol·L^-1的高岭土悬浊液进行烧杯实验.结果表明,MBF8与CAD的最佳使用方式为先投加MBF8后投加CAD,复配比5:3时效果最好,适用的pH范围为6.0~10.0.采用PAC(3.0 mg·L^-1)+MBF8+CAD(1.0 mg·L^-1)复配絮凝,pH=8.0下,对浊度为110 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,浊度去除率>97%,残余铝<0.08 mg·L^-1,絮体大、沉降快,絮凝效果优于PAC+分子量800万、1200万的阴离子PAM及分子量1500万的阳离子PAM.     

Separating method and dynamic processes of Nano-Al13

In order to investigate the characteristics of pure Nano-Al₁₃, Nano-Al₁₃ was separated and purified from a series of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) solutions which had the same Al₁₃ percentage but different total Al concentrations, by using column chromatography, ethanol-acetone resolving and SO²⁻ ₄/Ba²⁺ displacement. The Al₁₃ species yield was characterized by Al-ferron timed complexation spectrophotometry and ²⁷Al-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The coagulation efficiency of Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ in synthetic water was also investigated by Jar tests. The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with Nano-Al₁₃, PAC and AlCl₃ were similarly investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer 2000 (PDA2000). The experimental results indicated that the ethanol-acetone resolving method was simple and could separate the PAC solution at different concentrations, while column chromatography could separate PAC solutions at low concentrations. The SO₄ ²⁻/Ba²⁺ displacement method could separate PAC solutions at high concentrations. However, extra inorganic cation and anion could be added in the solution during separation. The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ with high positive-charged species was effective in removing turbidity and color. The dynamic process results showed that Nano-Al₁₃ also had the best recovery capability after shearing compared with PAC and AlCl₃ because the Nano-Al₁₃ conformation is more effective in charge neutralization. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 767–772 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

蕉藕淀粉废水絮凝试验

试验采用化学混凝法对蕉藕淀粉加工产生的废水进行处理,研究了硫酸铝,氯化铁,聚合硫酸铁(PSF),聚合氯化铝(PAC),聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)等不同混凝剂种类和投加量对COD、SS和TP去除效果的影响。试验结果表明,聚合氯化铝处理效果最佳,在废水COD、SS和TP的浓度分别为8340mg/L、7060mg/L和320mg/L时聚合氯化铝以500mg/L的用量得到COD、SS和TP的去除率分别为97.1%、98.0%和70%,出水的COD为241mg/L,SS为142mg/L,TP为112mg/L。     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

两种造纸废水的生化前预处理实验研究

造纸废水可生化性差,处理困难,对其进行生化前预处理具有重要意义。采用无机高分子混凝剂和有机混凝剂联合处理,有助于提高混凝效果。实验研究了两种造纸废水混凝处理的影响因素和处理效果,在实验室条件下进行了单因素实验分析,确定了最佳投药量,得到的结果分别是:卫生纸车间废水为聚合氯化铝(PAC)75 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)0.075 mg/L;板纸车间废水为聚合氯化铝(PAC)350 mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)0.125 mg/L。在此工况下,卫生纸车间废水COD的去除率达到了62.12%,色度去除率达到92.12%,SS去除率达到了95.36%;板纸车间废水COD的去除率达到了44.03%,最佳色度去除率达到90.25%,SS去除率达到93.18%。提高了废水的可生化性,为后续生物处理创造了条件。     

铝盐混凝剂的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系研究

研究了氯化铝、硫酸铝、聚合氯化铝(poly-aluminum chloride, PAC)3种铝盐混凝剂在腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样中的应用,以比较3种混凝剂在该水样中的混凝效果与残留铝含量和组分之间的关系.结果表明, 3种铝盐混凝剂在试验选取的投加量下对浊度和UV254的去除率最高可达90%左右,PAC能在较高的投加量下达到较好的混凝效果;较高投加量下PAC混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝含量为0.9 mg/L左右,余铝率为-3.0%左右,均明显低于传统的铝盐混凝剂;3种混凝剂混凝处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟水样时,残留铝均大部分以溶解性总铝的形式存在,且溶解性有机铝在总溶解性铝中所占比例较大;PAC在腐殖酸-高岭土混凝沉淀出水中残留总铝的含量下降最快,且能够有效降低出水中毒性较大的溶解性铝的含量,其混凝沉淀出水中残留总溶解性铝含量为0.6 mg/L左右.     

静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器（SBR）脱氮除磷效果研究

以静置段代替传统厌氧段,采用后置缺氧方式,考察了静置/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R1)的生物脱氮除磷(BNR)性能,并与传统厌氧/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器(SBR)(R2)进行对比.两反应器进水乙酸钠、氨氮(NH+4-N)及磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度均分别为350 mg·L-1(以COD计)、40 mg·L-1及12 mg·L-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h.研究结果表明,R1长期运行中磷的去除率与R2相当,分别为92.4%和92.1%,而总氮(TN)去除率则较R2高,分别为83.5%和77.0%.R1静置段省去搅拌但仍能起到厌氧段的作用,为好氧快速摄磷奠定了基础,同时R1缺氧段发生反硝化摄磷,使出水磷降至0.91 mg·L-1.好氧段内R1发生了同步硝化-反硝化(SND),贡献了18.0%的TN去除量,R2也存在SND,但脱氮贡献率较少,仅为9.8%.R1和R2后置缺氧反硝化均以糖原驱动,反硝化速率分别为0.98、0.84 mg·g-1·h-1(以每g VSS产生的N(mg)计),出水TN分别为6.62、9.21 mg·L-1.研究表明,静置段代替传统厌氧段后,可获得更好的脱氮效果,且工艺更为简化.     

不同施磷量(KH2PO4)作用对Cu、Zn在红壤中的迁移转化

为了比较不同施磷量对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn迁移转化的影响,采用土壤柱进行室内淋溶实验,研究常见的磷肥磷酸二氢钾在少量5 mg·kg-1,适量15 mg·kg-1以及过量25 mg·kg-1条件下对Cu、Zn在红壤中的淋溶效应.结果表明土壤施用磷酸二氢钾降低了土壤渗滤液的pH,不同施磷量对土壤渗滤液pH影响不大,在整个淋滤过程,渗滤液pH呈现上升的趋势.磷酸盐作用下重金属Cu在土壤中的迁移主要集中表层土壤中,而Zn逐渐向深层土壤中迁移.土壤深层渗滤液中Cu、Zn浓度均比较低,对浅层地下水的危害性不大.淋滤结束后,重金属主要以残渣态存在土壤中,重金属Cu残渣态的比例为60%左右,重金属Zn残渣态比例为40%左右.高浓度磷酸二氢钾作用下有利于重金属Zn从残渣态及有机结合态向交换态转化.     

进水C/N对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化系统(SNEDPR)脱氮除磷性能,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1))运行的SBR反应器,以人工配置的模拟废水为处理对象,先采用恒定进水C/N(为10),以实现SNEDPR的启动和聚磷菌(PAOs)的富集培养,再调控进水C/N值(分别为10、7. 5、5和2. 5),考察不同C/N对系统的脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当进水C/N为10,可实现SNEDPR的启动与深度脱氮除磷,出水PO3-4-P和总氮(TN)浓度分别平均为0. 1 mg·L~(-1)和8. 1mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P去除率、TN去除率和SNED率平均值分别为99. 79%、89. 38%和58. 0%.当进水C/N由5提高至10时,系统维持良好的脱氮除磷性能,释磷量(PRA)和SNED率分别由16. 0 mg·L~(-1)和48. 0%提高至24. 4 mg·L~(-1)和69. 2%;当C/N为10时,TN和PO3-4-P去除率最高达94. 5%和100%;当C/N为2. 5时,系统失去脱氮、除磷性能,PRA和SNED率仅为1. 36 mg·L~(-1)和10%.在系统稳定运行阶段(C/N为10、7. 5和5),SNED率达85. 9%,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-x-N和PO3-4-P浓度平均为0、8. 1和0. 1 mg·L~(-1).     

混凝-Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的中试研究

采用混凝-Fenton组合工艺对漳州九龙岭垃圾填埋场的渗滤液经NF+RO处理后膜滤浓缩液进行中试试验,探讨了PAC、PAM、FeSO4·7H2 O和H2 O2的投加量对处理效果的影响及反应机理,并设计各工艺单元参数.结果表明:混凝工艺药剂最佳投加量为PAC 2000 mg/L、PAM 9 mg/L;Fenton工艺的氧化剂最佳投加量为FeSO4·7H2 O 1.6 g/L、H2 O28 mL/L.膜滤浓缩液经处理后,出水COD约300 mg/L,色度约30,平均去除率分别达76.8%和95.4%,处理费35.52元/t,试验结果为同类膜滤浓缩液提供了经济可行的处理方法和工艺设计依据.