垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属迁移特性研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结处理过程6种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn)迁移特性开展系统实验研究,烧结实验在高温箱式电炉上进行,着重考察烧结温度、时间、制样压力等条件对重金属残留率的影响.结果表明:Cr残留率随温度升高而显著提高,Cu、Zn残留率随温度升高有所波动;烧结时间对Cu残留率影响显著,对其它5种金属影响不明显;在一定范围内,6种重金属残留率随制样压力增大而提高;Cd、Pb易于挥发,而Cu、Ni、Cr和Zn不易挥发;烧结温度、时间、制样压力对各种重金属残留率的影响程度各不相同;烧结处理可以固化大部分重金属,同时飞灰中重金属在烧结过程中的残留率因种类不同而呈现显著差异.     

底泥调控剂对感潮河涌沉积物中重金属的影响

以典型的电器工业区重污染感潮河道——佛山市顺德区容桂街道内河涌为研究对象,选取一段河道,投加含硝酸钙的调控剂,采用BCR形态提取法研究调控剂对感潮河涌沉积物中重金属的影响,以评价调控剂对重金属的稳定化效果.结果表明,①调控剂使得重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的可还原态和可氧化态占总量的百分比降低;②调控剂能有效促进底泥中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr向残渣态转化,投加调控剂处理22 d后,重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的残渣态占总量的质量分数分别升高了4%、20%、21%和23%,这在不同程度上降低了底泥Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr的可生物利用性;③调控剂能使Cu、Pb和Cr的弱酸提取态增加,而使Zn的弱酸提取态下降,即增加了Zn的稳定度而降低了Cu、Pb和Cr的稳定度.总体上,调控剂对底泥重金属Cu、Pb和Cr的稳定化效果并不理想,而对底泥重金属Zn有一定的稳定化效果,但效果不明显.     

1株嗜酸硫杆菌的分离鉴定及其对污染底泥中重金属的去除效果

采用常规细菌分离方法,从河流底泥中筛选到1株细菌FD97,通过序批式摇瓶培养考察了不同温度下(22~40℃)该菌株对污染底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr的去除效果.结果表明,形态学和16S rDNA序列同源性分析鉴定菌株FD97为嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillussp.).在22~40℃条件下,以Acidithiobacillussp.FD97为主要菌株的生物沥浸作用可有效去除污染底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr.沥浸处理16 d,Zn、Cu和Cr的去除率可分别达70%、90%和25%.从底泥pH值变化、SO42-产生以及重金属去除率角度衡量不同温度的底泥沥浸处理效果依次为:34℃28℃≈40℃22℃.控温28℃较适宜今后的实际应用.底泥重金属生物沥浸去除率的大小与底泥pH值变化密切相关,与温度无直接关系.当底泥pH值降至5.0、3.5和2.5时,底泥中Zn、Cu和Cr分别开始溶出,pH值降为2.0,重金属去除率达最大.     

夜朗湖沙湾河口底泥重金属空间分布研究

为揭示夜郎湖沙湾河口底泥中重金属分布特征及及潜在生态风险,本论文分析了夜郎湖沙湾河口底泥中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Mn、Pb含量垂直分布特征、不同深度底泥重金属各粒径含量分布特征,评价不同深度底泥中重金属的污染程度。结果表明:底泥土壤中Mn和Pb含量量垂直分布特征相似,Cr、Cu和Cd含量垂直分布特征相似,但含量最大值出现的深度不同,Zn含量随深度的增加逐渐降低;不同深度底泥重金属各粒径含量存在着差异;Mn、Cr、Cu属于轻度污染,Pb、Zn属于偏中度污染,Cd属于中度污染。     

复合调理脱水污泥热解残渣中重金属形态分布

市政污泥热解可实现无害化与能源转化,而了解重金属在热解残渣中的形态分布显得尤为重要。该文以原泥(RS)、复合调理剂深度脱水泥饼(FS)为研究对象分别进行了不同温度(500、600、700、800和900℃)的热解实验,分析了污泥、热解残渣样品中Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd 5种重金属元素含量,并采用Tessier形态逐级提取法进一步研究了污泥、热解残渣样品中重金属形态分布规律。结果表明:污泥热解后,重金属在热解残渣中有不同程度的富集,原泥直接热解后Cu和Zn富集效果更明显,而FS中Cr、Pb和Cd富集作用更显著。热解残渣样品中各重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd)均比其在原泥中以更加稳定的形态存在。     

Novosol法固定底泥中重金属研究

采用Novosol法处理河道疏浚底泥,固定底泥中的重金属,并研究了磷酸投加量、烧结温度和烧结时间对底泥重金属浸出的影响.研究结果表明,Novosol法处理底泥适宜的磷酸投加量为0.17mo.lkg-1,烧结温度为700℃,烧结时间为2h.采用毒性浸出方法(TCLP)浸取处理底泥,浸出液中Cd、Zn和Pb的浸出浓度均远远低于危险废物鉴别标准——浸出毒性鉴别(GB5085.3-2007)规定的限值.稳定浸出液pH为5时,优化条件下Novosol法处理后底泥中Cd、Zn、Pb的浸出量比原底泥的浸出量分别降低了77.4%、53.9%和39.4%.底泥中Zn和Cd的浸出受pH影响较大,当浸出液pH降到6以下时,Zn和Cd的浸出浓度显著增加;而底泥中的Pb由于在Novosol法处理过程转化成极为稳定的磷酸盐矿物结构,受pH影响较小.     

降尘中重金属的形态及其在模拟酸雨下的溶出规律

使用透射、扫描电子显微镜观察大气降尘的形貌,运用BCR分级提取法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法研究大气降尘中重金属元素Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe和Cd的含量及形态分布,探讨模拟酸雨条件下大气降尘中重金属元素的溶出规律.结果表明:小粒径降尘较大粒径比表面积大,吸附能力也较强;大气降尘中重金属元素(除Fe外)均以残渣态为主, Cd含量极小,未检出;粒径相同的降尘中,Fe含量最高,主要以可还原态存在,可提取态达到70%以上;Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni和Mn均以残渣态为主;Cu,Pb和Cr在小颗粒中相对富集,造成小粒径降尘的生物危害性更大;模拟酸雨条件下,Cu,Pb,Mn,Fe和Zn的溶出量均随pH降低而增大.      

热解温度对浒苔基生物炭重金属特征的影响

利用限氧控温炭化法制备浒苔基生物炭,探讨了不同热解温度(200、300、400、500和600℃)对生物炭产率、生物炭重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Hg)总量及其水溶态重金属含量的影响。结果表明:生物炭产率随热解温度升高而降低。生物炭中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb含量较原料均有显著增加,而As和Hg含量均低于原料。总体上热解碳化可促进浒苔基生物炭中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd及As的挥发迁移趋势,但Pb则呈现富集趋势。此外,生物炭水溶态重金属含量低于原料,且热解温度与水溶态重金属含量呈负相关性,表明热解过程可降低这些重金属的溶出。     

上海市郊区河道底泥重金属污染状况评价

河道底泥重金属污染日益受到重视。对上海市郊区河道毛家塘底泥进行监测,分析了13种重金属元素(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti)的含量特征,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法、污染负荷指数法对重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:河道底泥13种重金属中,Ag,Sb,Se,Ti 4种低于检测限,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Hg,Be含量均超过了上海市土壤背景值;底泥重金属为中污染,As,Cd,Cu,Zn污染影响较大。除As以外,其余重金属含量均满足我国现行标准或指标要求,建议底泥后续处理利用参考达标标准的相应要求进行。     

添加剂和水洗对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属迁移特性的影响

研究了添加剂（粘土和粉煤灰）、水洗预处理对焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni）迁移特性的影响.水洗时间为8、 16、 24 h.烧结实验条件为成型压力3 kN,烧结温度1 100℃,烧结时间4 h.结果表明,在飞灰中粘土添加比例增加到70%时,重金属Cd的固化率从16.96%升高到28.42%,Pb的固化率从10.58%升高到37.02%, Cu的固化率从46.38%上升到55.14%,Zn的固化率从42.14%上升到64.47%,Ni和Cr的固化率总体上呈现下降的趋势.总体上添加粘土对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属的固定效果有限.当粉煤灰在烧结前样品中的比例增加时,Cd的固化率从16.96%下降到4.67%,Cu的固化率从46.86%上升到81.43%.粉煤灰的加入对于Zn和Pb的影响不大,对于Ni和Cr的影响规律也不明显.水洗预处理可以把Cd、Cu和Pb的固化率提高到80%以上.焚烧飞灰烧结体TCLP浸出测试表明,添加粘土和粉煤灰以及水洗预处理后,焚烧飞灰烧结试体的重金属浸出浓度普遍较低.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.