高速动能弹撞击装甲结构引起的螺栓连接失效及部件过载损伤研究

目的 验证和揭示高速动能弹对装甲结构的损伤机理。方法 聚焦高速动能弹打击装甲目标时,弹道冲击造成的靶标结构连接失效及部件过载损伤这2种损伤效应,以典型螺栓连接为研究对象,采用高速球形弹丸撞击螺栓连接结构的小尺寸试验对数值模拟方法和材料模型参数进行校验。在此基础上,采用数值模拟和冲击响应谱分析方法对高速动能弹打击全尺寸坦克进行模拟分析,获得撞击过程螺栓连接失效特征、主要影响因素及坦克典型位置部件的冲击加速度曲线和冲击响应谱曲线。结果 在小尺寸试验中,动能输入为0.042MJ时,螺栓连接未发生失效;但25.6MJ动能输入全尺寸坦克时,螺栓发生断裂而使连接失效。数值模拟结果揭示了螺栓发生断裂的主要原因。结论 输入动能大小、连接螺栓直径、模拟设备部件质量和撞击位置为螺栓是否断裂的主要影响因素。坦克某些位置的冲击响应谱曲线高于军用标准给出的临界曲线的下限甚至上限,表明这些位置的部件因高过载损伤导致失效的概率较高。     

飞机起落架支柱固定螺栓环境氢脆断裂研究

某飞机起落架缓冲支柱固定螺栓长期使用后断裂.为了确定该螺栓断裂的原因,对断裂螺栓进行了外观检查,断口宏观、微观分析,能谱仪成分分析,金相组织检查、硬度检测以及氢含量测定,结果表明:断裂螺栓的断口具有氢脆断裂特征,其断裂失效性质为环境氢脆断裂;飞机服役期间,螺栓保护不良,致使环境对螺栓造成了腐蚀,腐蚀产生的氢进入螺栓是导致螺栓产生环境氢脆裂纹的根本原因.对螺栓进行保护可有效地避免该类故障的重复发生.     

凸轮轴顶端断裂原因失效分析

目的研究发动机凸轮轴和螺栓的失效原因。方法在化学成分、硬度、金相组织、断口形貌等检测分析的基础上,研究凸轮轴和螺栓的失效行为,推断整个失效过程的起因件,并分析导致其失效的原因。结果凸轮轴金相组织、表面和心部硬度无明显异常,断口表面有明显的疲劳断裂特征,裂纹起源于凸轮轴的螺栓孔壁,此处为凸轮轴热处理过程中的感应淬火和非感应淬火的交界处。结论凸轮轴顶端螺栓孔在感应淬火过程中产生尖角效应,导致螺栓孔壁被淬透,材料脆性增加,在长期使用过程中导致凸轮轴顶端疲劳断裂,进而导致连接螺栓发生断裂。     

不锈钢螺栓法兰连接失效分析及预防措施

目的研究低温环境下不锈钢法兰螺栓连接失效机理。方法采用宏观检测、微观检测和化学成分分析、能谱分析等方法,对不锈钢螺栓材质的化学成分及断口处腐蚀产物的成分进行分析。结果引起螺栓断裂的主要原因为低温环境下引起的应力腐蚀开裂。结论根据不锈钢螺栓应力腐蚀的主要影响因素提出了低温加注系统中螺栓应力腐蚀的预防措施。     

军用风力发电机紧固螺栓断裂失效分析

目的研究风力发电机紧固螺栓断裂失效原因。方法通过化学成分分析、力学性能分析、断口扫描分析、显微组织分析测试手段,对风力发电机紧固螺栓失效原因进行分析。结果断裂螺栓螺纹根部表面存在原始折叠缺陷,为疲劳裂纹的萌生提供了有利条件;同时,螺栓头部、紧固垫圈及法兰盘之间存在装配异常情况,外力作用下接触位置应力集中较大,有利于疲劳裂纹的萌生及进一步扩展。结论通过严格控制入厂螺栓质量,同时定期检查在服役螺栓的使用状态,及时更换存在安全隐患的螺栓,有效杜绝了紧固螺栓断裂失效情况再次发生。     

垂尾方向舵悬挂点螺栓断裂分析及改进

目的 分析某型飞机在使用中其方向舵第4悬挂点连接螺栓出现不同程度断裂损伤的原因,并进行设计改进。方法 从宏观和微观2个方面研究螺栓的断口形貌和特征,对螺栓材料进行金相组织分析和力学性能测试,与同类型飞机相同位置螺栓的结构和功能进行对比分析。结果 螺栓断口边缘无明显的腐蚀和氧化特征,无有害的夹杂物和磷化物,硬度及拉伸强度符合材料力学性能要求。该型飞机方向舵第4悬挂点连接螺栓的结构较同类型飞机相同位置的螺栓结构应力集中更加明显,材料强度更低,存在设计缺陷。结论 连接螺栓断裂性质为疲劳断裂,螺栓受到异常的拉伸和弯曲循环载荷作用是导致其疲劳断裂的主要原因。基于裂纹原因及性能对比分析提出的设计改进方案,在螺栓选材、强度、刚度和耐久性等方面符合飞机结构设计规范,经验证,满足飞机装配技术要求,实践表明,能够确保飞机寿命期的安全使用。     

滨海发射场低温管路法兰连接螺栓环境腐蚀断裂失效机理

针对滨海发射场用于低温管路法兰连接的高强度螺栓的环境腐蚀断裂问题进行失效机理分析.结合螺栓所处"高温、高湿、高盐雾"环境及低温高压工况,讨论分析了盐雾腐蚀、应力作用、微观形貌、化学成分及硬度等影响因素.结果表明,螺栓显微硬度均值(108HRB)超标,材质中C、S、Cr含量异常,螺栓实际受力达到许用应力的60％以上,微观组织裂纹均为典型的应力腐蚀裂纹.在海南"三高"海洋腐蚀环境影响下,耐腐蚀性能较差的螺栓在热应力作用下萌生裂纹,产生应力腐蚀,在热应力和拉应力的作用下进行扩展,发生应力腐蚀开裂,螺栓延迟脆性断裂导致失效.最后,针对螺栓应力腐蚀机理,提出了相应的改进措施.     

发动机压气机转子叶片断裂失效分析

某型航空发动机在长期使用后压气机Ⅲ级转子叶片断裂失效.对叶片表面及断口的宏微观形貌进行了观察和能谱分析,并对叶片的组织和硬度进行了检测.研究结果表明,发动机压气机Ⅲ级转子叶片是在存在严重腐蚀损伤情况下发生的振动高周疲劳断裂,空气中的S,Cl元素导致叶片进气边产生严重的腐蚀损伤,对疲劳裂纹的萌生起着重要的作用.     

气举压缩机止回阀的改进

分析现用摆臂式止回阀在多年的使用中暴露出的关闭不严、阀板脱落、密封损坏等问题,针对气举压缩机气流脉动的特点,应用压缩机气阀原理,对气举压缩机使用的摆臂式止回阀进行了改进,大大提高了设备运行的安全性.     

某型飞机液压泵安装座螺栓断裂失效分析

目的探究某型飞机液压泵安装座固定螺栓断裂原因。方法通过观察多组螺栓的断口形貌,以及对其进行力学性能测试和材料组织分析。结果螺栓断口边缘无明显的腐蚀氧化特征,有较为明显的氢脆断裂断面特征,螺栓的硬度均超过标准,并未发现有害的夹杂物和磷化物。结论螺栓在制造时可能存在缺陷,硬度超标和除氢不完全是造成断裂的主要原因。并根据分析结果对生产商提出相关建议和检查方向。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.