Reproductive toxicity of organic extracts from petrochemical plant effluents discharged to the Yangtze River, China

Water pollution of the Yangtze River in China became one of challenges that the government is facing today. Increasing numbers of petrochemical plants were built along the river in past decades, and numbers of organic chemicals were discharged into the river. Our goal was to establish in vitro system on rat sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells and leydig cells to investigate the reproductive toxicity potential induced by organic extracts from petrochemical effluents. Our results showed that the organic extract depressed the viability (p < 0.01) and destroyed the plasma membrane integrity of sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells to a certain degree. Accordingly, proportion of early apoptotic sertoli cells and late apoptotic spermatogenic cells increased significantly. Although significant morphological changes were not detected for leydig cells, the extract was observed to inhibit their testosterone production (p < 0.01). Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells appeared to be more sensitive and maybe the main targets of the key toxins. These results suggested that the in vitro system on rat testicular cells may be useful to predicate reproductive toxicity potential of organic extracts from petrochemical effluents. More attention should be paid to the petrochemical effluents, because long-term accumulation of these organic compounds in organisms may cause spermatogenesis malfunction and testosterone reduction.     

Neural stem cell-based in vitro bioassay for the assessment of neurotoxic potential of water samples

Intensive agriculture activities, industrialization and growing numbers of wastewater treatment plants along river banks collectively contribute to the elevated levels of neurotoxic pollutants in natural water reservoirs across Europe. We established an in vitro bioassay based upon neural stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to evaluate the neurotoxic potential of raw wastewater, treated sewage effluent, groundwater and drinking water. The toxic potential of water samples was evaluated employing viability, proliferation, differentiation and migration assays. We found that raw wastewater could reduce the viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and decreased the neuronal and astrocyte differentiation, neuronal neurite growth, astrocyte growth and cell migration. Treated sewage water also showed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and migration. Our results indicated that relatively high concentrations of nitrogenous substances, pesticides, mercuric compounds, bisphenol-A, and phthalates, along with some other pollutants in raw wastewater and treated sewage water, might be the reason for the neuroinhibitory effects of these water samples. Our model successfully predicted the neurotoxicity of water samples collected from different sources and also revealed that the incomplete removal of contaminants from wastewater can be problematic for the developing nervous system. The presented data also provides strong evidence that more effective treatments should be used to minimize the contamination of water before release into major water bodies which may be considered as water reservoirs for human usage in the future.     

Phototransformation of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River: Kinetics and photoproduct analysis

Nitrobenzene (NB) pollution of the Songhua River caused by an explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City,Jilin Province, China,attracted public concern over the fate of NB in the river.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,the kinetics and mechanism of phototransformation of NB in natural water from four sections of the Songhua River were investigated.It was found that photodegradation of NB in water proceeded via pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics under simulated ...     

扬州市区水环境质量现状及防治对策

通过对扬州市区境内河流和地下水的环境质量进行调查分析,结果表明：河流水质较好,城区污水都排入污水处理厂且处理厂正常运行,水质达标排放,主要的污染物是有机污染物;地下水达到水质标准,由于地质原因,主要污染指标为总硬度和总矿化度。但仍应加大污染防治力度,针对水环境现状和问题,采取有效措施,坚持深入开展环境宣传教育,依靠科技进步,科学防治环境污染,控制污染源,实行达标制度,提高人们自身环保意识,促进水资源的可持续利用。     

石化行业挥发性有机物源强核算及LDAR技术的应用研究

石化行业排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)是引发大气环境问题的重要污染物,有效控制VOCs的排放已经成为现阶段中国大气环境治理领域中的热点问题.泄漏检测与修复技术(LDAR)是发现和修复工艺装置泄漏的一种源项控制技术.通过对LDAR技术的文献及石化行业的应用调研,总结了LDAR技术国内外应用进展,挥发性有机物源强的核算方法,重点介绍了LDAR技术在石化行业开展的实施流程及潜在的效益.对石化行业开展泄漏检测与修复工作,减少挥发性有机物无组织的排放起到借鉴作用.     

沈阳黄家傍河水源地河水入渗过程中氧化还原分带规律

在分析沈阳市黄家傍河水源地地质及水文地质条件的基础上,通过场地监测-室内实验相结合的方法,对黄家水源地河水入渗过程孔隙水氧化还原分带规律进行研究.结果表明：辽河河床沉积带在河水入渗途径上存在氧化还原分带,在水流垂向入渗的初始0~20cm、20~80cm、80~90cm及后续范围内依次存在O₂-NO₃^-混和还原带、锰氧化物还原带和铁氧化物还原带;反应中河水中溶解有机碳不能提供足够的电子还原氧化剂,溶解至入渗水流中的沉积物有机碳与河水溶解有机碳一起作为碳源参与了氧化还原反应.     

焙烧再生废旧臭氧催化剂处理石化废水生化出水

为了解决臭氧催化氧化技术中废旧催化剂处理困难的问题,对用于某石化废水生化出水处理长达5年的废旧臭氧催化剂进行了焙烧再生研究.通过焙烧能够有效燃烧去除催化剂表面及孔隙中的有机物质,增大催化剂孔径和孔隙率,从而恢复废旧催化剂的部分活性.单因素试验对催化剂焙烧温度和焙烧时间优化结果表明：(1)随着焙烧温度从200℃提高到500℃,再生催化剂用于臭氧催化对石化废水生化出水TOC(总有机碳)的去除效果逐渐提升,500℃时TOC去除率可达44.30%,进一步提高焙烧温度去除效果提升不明显.(2)焙烧时间为2、3、4和5 h时,再生催化剂处理石化废水效能随焙烧时间增加先升高再降低,4 h时TOC去除效果最好.(3)在相同运行条件下,优化焙烧条件(500℃、4 h)下得到的再生催化剂对石化废水生化出水的TOC去除率可达新催化剂的77.46%,相较于新催化剂,再生催化剂的颗粒尺寸和平均孔径减小,而比表面积有所增大.(4)通过皮尔逊相关性分析,探索了废水中有机物和三维荧光测试结果的相关性,认为荧光区域积分体积可以间接反映石化废水中的有机物含量,也可间接反映臭氧再生催化剂的催化性能.研究显示,直接焙烧可以作...     

南京市主要入江河流中有机污染物的定性分析

参考美国EPA相关分析方法,利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪,对长江南京段主要入江河流水体中有机物进行了定性分析。共检出11类24种有机物,其中7种属中国优先控制污染物,分属5类有机物;5种属EPA优先控制污染物,分属3类有机物。通过查明入江河流有机污染状况,为环境风险事故防范和应急预案的建立提供科学依据。     

NCF生物团粒促生增活工艺研究

通过试验，揭示了生物团粒的结构性质，据此设计了应用生物团粒处理炼油厂废水的促生增活工艺。结果表明，该工艺具有促使生物繁殖，改善活性污泥性能的特点，可明显提高废水处理效果。     

地下水源地污染源危害性评价方法研究

基于GIS技术平台、层次分析方法,构建了涵盖污染源特性与污染物属性两大方面的8项指标的污染源危害性评价的参数体系,建立了污染源特性指标评价与污染物属性指标评价的耦合模型,解决了地下水源地污染源的量化评价问题.应用所建方法评价了某地下水源地污染源对地下水的危害性.结果表明, 研究区的排污沟、石化公司周边的渗坑群及南部和东部某河滩的渗坑对地下水的潜在危害程度最高,石化公司的潜在危害性中等,其余区域危害性较低.这为污染源的有效监管提供技术支撑.     

DAPI荧光染色计数法的感潮河段沉积物细菌数量测量影响因素研究

采集珠江广州河段沉积物样品,分析沉积物质地与有机质含量,同时分析了改良DAPI染色操作方法并讨论各因素对DAPI染色剂染色效果的影响,研究DAPI(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylidole)荧光染色剂在具有感潮性质的沉积物样品中的染色影响因素.结果表明,沉积物稀释2 000倍,超声浴10 min,DAPI浓度为10μg.mL-1,染色时间30 min以上时,可以得到最佳细菌计数数量.细菌数量与褪色比例有良好的相关性(r=0.587,p=0.004).粒径组成与有机质含量有较强的相关性,它是通过影响有机质含量来影响褪色比例的,因此有机质也与褪色比例有一定的相关性.将褪色比例与有机质含量、细菌数量及黏粒比例做回归分析,得到与实测值相关性较好(r=0.694)的拟合值.这些结果表明,在使用DAPI荧光染色法研究感潮河段沉积物细菌数量的过程中,应充分考虑上述影响因素.     

典型工业区地下水细菌群落多样性特征与环境因子响应初探

为探究上海市典型工业区地下水细菌群落组成结构和多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,结合地下水三氮、重金属和有机物等指标分析,探讨典型行业地下水细菌群落与环境因子的关联性及响应机制.结果表明,石油化工业地下水的氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)显著高于纺织业、金属制品业和其他行业(P<0.05),分别高出64.49%、 32.46%和113.91%;有机物主要检出指标为总石油烃(TPH)和挥发酚,石油化工业的地下水挥发酚浓度显著高于纺织业、金属制品业和其他行业(P<0.05);金属制品业砷(As)浓度显著高于石油化工业和其他行业(P<0.05),分别高出49.26%和50.59%;氯化物(Cl^-)、锰(Mn)和硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)等在不同行业中都存在显著性差异(P<0.05).纺织业地下水细菌群落Shannon指数最高,达到3.14,金属制品业地下水Shannon指数和Ace指数最低,分别为2.42和960.46.工业区地下水细菌中优势菌门为变形菌门...     

岷江上游营盘山遗址土壤理化特征及指示意义

古遗址地层土壤理化特征研究有助于古环境重建。以岷江上游营盘山遗址文化剖面和黄土剖面为研究对象,分析了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质和碳酸盐含量及元素地球化学等物理化学指标及其影响因素。结果表明古人类活动影响了土壤粒度、磁化率、有机质、碳酸盐及元素迁移等特征,灰烬层土壤出现了环境指标不一致的现象。位于灰烬层上部的古土壤保留了与成壤强度一致的环境信息,指示出岷江上游干旱河谷区在全新世中晚期曾出现相对温暖湿润的气候特征。利用遗址区文化层剖面重建古环境需多指标对比研究,剔除人类活动的干扰信息。     

GC／MS分析石油化工污水中有机污染物

采用液液萃取，分组浓缩法对污水进行富集，真空浓缩后，应用GC／MS法对炼油厂总排放污水及其支系进行定性分析，由此恻定出主要排放污染物的种类及来源。分析结果表明：石油化工污水中的有机污染物主要为苯类、酚类、杂环类和多环芳烃类化合物．     

Incorporating sorption/desorption of organic pollutants into river water quality model

Preliminary research was conducted about how to incorporate sorption/desorption of organic pollutants with suspended solids and sediments into single-chemical and one-dimensional water quality model of Jinghang Canal.Sedimentation-resuspension coefficient k3 was deduced; characteristics of organic pollutants, concentrations and components of suspended solids/sediments and hydrological and hydraulic conditions were integrated into k3 and further into river water quality model; impact of sorption/desorption of organic pollutants with suspended solids and sediments on prediction function of the model was discussed. Results demonstrated that this impact is pronounced for organic pollutants with relatively large Koc and Kow, especially when they are also conservative and foc of riversuspended solids/sediments is high, and that incorporation of sorption/ desorption of organic pollutants into river water quality model can improve its prediction accuracy.     

鸭绿江丹东段江水中有机污染物分析

采用MC／GS联用仪,对鸭绿江丹东段江水中有机污染物的种类及组成进行了分析鉴定,进而采用高压液相色谱法对多环芳烃类进行定量测定与评价,并对该江段有毒有机物名录进行了筛选研究,提出了优先监测有机污染物的名录。     

石化生产中有机废物的微生物降解

论述了特种微生物对石化废水的生物降解机理及有机污水的生物治理 ,对生物治理有机废物的前景进行了展望。     

基于三角模糊技术的河流水环境容量研究

基于河流水环境系统的随机性、模糊性特征,以及资料信息的不足和不精确性,将水环境系统参数定义为三角模糊数。在此基础上,通过将常规的确定性模型参量模糊化,建立了河流水环境容量计算模糊模型。根据该模型,可以计算得到三角模糊数形式的河流水环境容量;再由给定的可信度水平要求,可以进一步将水环境容量由三角模糊数转化为区间值。实例研究表明,相对于常规的确定性方法,所得结果更为科学、合理,而且计算简单、操作方便,具有实用价值。     

A/O生物膜法强化处理石化废水及生物膜种群结构研究

采用A/O生物膜反应器处理石化综合废水.反应器在O段添加装有改性聚氨酯泡沫的多孔塑料球载体,强化有机物的降解效率.反应器进水分别为水解酸化池出水(阶段I),石化工业废水与生活污水比例为3:1(阶段II)以及单纯的石化工业废水(阶段III). 结果表明,尽管进水COD和氨氮波动较大,但出水COD和氨氮的去除率保持稳定,说明生物膜反应器具有较好的抗冲击负荷能力.在HRT为30h, COD和氨氮的去除率为74%~77%和96%~93%,总氮和总磷的去除率为58%和79%.第II阶段进水为工业废水和生活污水混合的处理效果最好,出水COD和氨氮浓度分别为(63±12)mg/L和(0.75±0.28)mg/L.出水总氮主要为硝酸氮,亚硝酸氮的浓度很低(小于0.1mg/L),表明硝化作用进行得较为完全.进水中有机物的分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(70.9%)和大于100kDa(10.4%).出水中大于10kDa的有机物所占比例减小,分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(56.6%)和1~5kDa(26.2%),表明A/O生物膜反应器对大分子有机物的降解较好.454高通量测序结果表明: 生物膜中变形菌门菌群所占比例最大(60.0%),其次是浮霉菌门(16.9%)和拟杆菌门(9.8%).在属的水平检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB) Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira以及反硝化菌Azospira和Thermomonas.NOB的比例较高,这与反应器较好的硝化作用相一致.     

典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态脂类生物标志物来源解析及其变化特征

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了青木关地下河中溶解态类脂物的含量.研究了其在地下河中的来源、组成及迁移特征.结果表明,7~11月,各溶解态类脂物的平均含量随着青木关地下河运移距离的增加呈降低趋势,其中以溶解态饱和直链脂肪酸的下降最为显著,即由最初的5 704 ng·L~(-1)下降到1 043 ng·L~(-1),减少了约81.71%.正构烷烃能够较为详尽地指征地下河中溶解性有机质来源,而饱和直链脂肪酸、脂肪醇则对藻类和细菌等微生物有较好的指示意义.随着地下河运移距离增加,有机质输入类型呈现多样化,可能与岩溶地表不均一性有关.正构烷烃三端元图解中,水生植物的输入为地下河中溶解性有机质的主要来源,其次分别为陆地高等植物和藻类、细菌等微生物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加水生植物的相对贡献量逐渐减少.青木关地下河中正构烷烃TAR值对降雨有一定的指示意义,而饱和直链脂肪酸CPI、L/H值则指示细菌降解活动.