2007—2013年宝鸡市大气环境空气质量评价及治理措施

利用环境空气监测资料,采用Daniel趋势检验的Spearmam秩相关系数和综合污染指数等方法进行分析评价,确定宝鸡市空气中的主要污染物,研究了宝鸡市2007—2013年间大气环境质量的变化趋势。结果表明:2007—2013年宝鸡市满足二级空气质量的优良率均达到了85%以上;宝鸡市大气中的PM10污染物指数最高,其次是SO2,最后是NO2;2007—2013年,宝鸡市NO2、SO2的浓度分别呈现缓慢的上升趋势,但变化效果不显著,污染指数最高的PM10呈现下降趋势,变化显著。     

渝北区环境空气质量现状及污染原因分析

本文采用综合污染指数法和空气质量指数法对2014年重庆市渝北区的主要空气污染物(SO2、PM10、NO2、O3、CO、PM2.5)的现状监测值进行了评价。结果表明:对照环境空气质量标准,2014年城区内SO2、NO2均符合国家空气质量二级标准,PM10、PM2.5测定值均超标。污染物浓度时空分布不均匀,冬春季浓度较夏秋季高,出现明显的季节特征;空间分布上,两路空气质量优于空港。2014年渝北区环境空气中大部分污染物浓度均低于2013年和主城平均浓度,环境空气质量综合污染指数呈现下降趋势。2014年渝北区空气质量优良天数255天,高于2013年和主城优良天数,影响渝北区空气质量的首要污染物为PM2.5,其次为PM10、O3-8h、NO2。渝北区的环境空气污染主要受城市建设、产业结构、气象条件、交通尾气的影响。     

眉山市城区环境空气质量及变化趋势分析

根据眉山市2006—2012年空气质量数据,采用综合污染指数法对SO2、NO2、PM10进行评价。结果表明:各污染物季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重;7年年际变化中,SO2浓度先上升后下降,NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,PM10浓度明显下降;2012年全市主要污染物污染负荷系数从大到小排列顺序为:PM10(0.39)SO2(0.32)NO2(0.29);综合污染指数表明眉山市空气质量属于轻污染。     

中国典型城市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

文章选取北京市、兰州市、乌鲁木齐市、青岛市、武汉市、深圳市这六个典型城市为研究对象,利用2003年-2013年六个城市的SO2、NO2和PM10浓度数据,计算出区域空气综合污染指数和污染负荷指数,并采用Daniel趋势检验法分析主要污染物的变化趋势.结果表明,六个典型城市环境空气质量状况从优至差排列依次为深圳、青岛、武汉、北京、兰州、乌鲁木齐;六个典型城市空气首要污染物为PM10,SO2的污染负荷呈下降趋势,NO2的污染负荷呈上升趋势;各城市的空气质量整体呈现好转趋势,表明大气治理初见成效.     

2005-2010年乌鲁木齐市空气质量达标特征研究

利用近6年（2005-2010年）乌鲁木齐市环境空气质量监测数据,分析研究了乌鲁木齐市PM10／SO2、NO2等主要污染物浓度时间变化和空气质量分级特征。结果表明：近6年来乌鲁木齐市空气质量保持稳定,并持续改善。主要污染物SO：和PM10年均浓度超标但整体呈下降趋势,N02浓度达标但逐年升高。冬季（1月、12月）空气质量达标天数显著增加,空气质量达标率由2005年的4．8％提高到2010年的24．2％;同期,重污染天气发生频率则由21％降低至3．2％。PM10是乌鲁木齐市冬季出现频数最高的首要污染物。     

乌鲁木齐市大气环境质量变化趋势分析

以乌鲁木齐市2004～2010年间的大气环境质量监测数据为依据,采用空气污染综合指数法评价其大气环境质量,并运用Spearman秩相关系数预测其发展趋势.结果表明:乌鲁木齐市大气环境质量为轻度污染,主要污染物为SO2和PM10.NO2和PM10有上升趋势,SO2呈不显著下降趋势.     

"十二五"期间义乌市环境空气质量及影响因素分析研究

利用环境空气质量监测数据,对义乌市2011年-2015年环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明,影响义乌空气质量的主要污染物为:PM2.5、PM10、NO2、O3,且大气污染呈现为扬尘和机动车尾气并存的混合型污染.尽管PM2.5、PM10和SO2总体均呈现下降趋势,尤其是SO2下降显著,但细颗粒物污染仍然突出,NO2不降反升等问题都值得关注.这可能与义乌市城市化进程进一步加快、能源结构亟待优化以及机动车保有量不断攀升等因素有关.     

西安市大气环境质量评价及变化趋势预测

选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,采用时间序列的方法对西安市2009年-2014年大气环境质量进行分析评价.结果表明:2009年-2012年西安市空气质量达到了国家二级标准,SO2和NO2的年平均含量下降,2013年都略有上升,但总体上呈下降趋势,而颗粒物的年平均含量呈上升趋势且为影响该市空气质量的主要污染物,主要污染时间为1季度和4季度;利用GM(1,1)模型,预测2015年空气质量变化趋势,提出2015年应该采取措施降低颗粒物的含量,提高本市空气质量.     

中国城市化对环境空气质量影响的演化规律研究

运用2001-2010年237个地级以上城市的面板数据,共计2353个样本,应用计量经济学分析方法,研究城市化进程中环境空气主要污染物的演化规律.在对面板数据进行平稳性检验后,运用固定效应模型和随机效应模型,将城市空气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的年平均浓度、综合污染指数4个空气质量指标与人均GDP、人口密度、第二产业结构、建成区面积4个反映城市社会经济发展的指标进行回归拟合,得到我国城市经济发展与环境质量变化的关系和演化规律,并提出政策建议.结果表明,2001-2010年,我国城市空气质量与经济发展之间的关系并不完全符合倒U型曲线,不同的污染物类型具有不同的演化规律.10年间,随着城市经济的发展,城市空气中SO2浓度呈现下降的趋势,并到达拐点,符合倒U型曲线;而对于NO2、PM10浓度及综合污染指数,10年间与经济发展之间呈U型关系,即现阶段呈现污染继续加重的态势.此外,城市第二产业结构比例、建成区面积与城市空气主要污染物浓度呈显著的正相关关系.     

泸州市城区2004-2009年空气质量时空变化

为了掌握泸州市城区近年空气质量时空变化,对泸州市城区2004-2009年空气质量监测数据进行系统分析。结果表明,近年来泸州市城区空气质量总体良好,平均空气污染指数为80,空气质量优良率在72.33%以上。空气质量有逐步好转的趋势,SO2和PM10年平均浓度明显下降,NO2略有上升。污染物浓度时空分布不均匀,SO2与PM10夏季浓度较低,冬季较高,NO2浓度季节性变化不明显;兰田宪桥、小市上码头污染物浓度总体上高于忠山环监站。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.