营造空中花园 建设文明城市

随着“四化”建设的发展,创建文明城市的呼声日高。城市绿化和维护良好的生态环境显得越来越重要。而今,在城市绿化空地日益紧张的情况下,提倡屋顶绿化,是一项增加都市绿化面积,美化城市生活环境的有效措施。 多年前,发达国家都市就已利用屋顶     

不同配置绿色屋顶径流水质特征及综合评价

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,但植被和基质等配置因素对其径流水质的综合影响尚不清楚,这限制了绿色屋顶的推广.通过在北京市区搭建3种植被类型［佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora,马齿苋）和无植被（对照）］、3种基质类型［田园土、改良土和轻质生长基质（轻质基）］和2种基质厚度（15 cm和10 cm）的12个绿色屋顶,基于2019年雨季降雨特征、各绿色屋顶径流量以及径流中营养盐和重金属浓度的监测,构建绿色屋顶径流水质指数（RQI）定量分析不同绿色屋顶配置对径流水质的综合影响.结果表明,植被可提高绿色屋顶径流削减率和有效降低径流中NO₃^--N的浓度,佛甲草和马齿苋绿色屋顶的RQI接近,径流水质均优于对照绿色屋顶;基质材料显著影响绿色屋顶径流削减率和径流中污染物浓度,轻质基绿色屋顶的径流削减率最低且径流中NH₄⁺-N、DFe、DMn和DZn的浓度均值最高,其径流水质劣于改良土和田园土绿色屋顶;基质厚度为15 cm的绿色屋顶径流削减率更高,其径流水质优于10 cm的绿色屋顶.研究结果可为绿色屋顶设计及径流水质综合评价提供科学依据.     

不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质年际变化特征

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,近年来逐渐得到广泛关注.为探究植被和使用时长对绿色屋顶径流水质的影响,于北京市区搭建了3种不同植被类型[佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora）和无植被（对照）]的绿色屋顶.根据2017～2019年植物生长情况、雨季雨水和绿色屋顶径流水质的长期监测,定量分析不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质的年际变化特征.结果表明,相较雨水,3种绿色屋顶在监测期内均是NH⁺₄-N的汇,浓度平均削减率在50.1%～79.2%之间,但均是PO^3-₄-P、 DCr、 DCu和DNi的源;佛甲草和大花马齿苋绿色屋顶在2017年是NO^-₃-N的汇,浓度平均削减率分别为71.4%和99.5%,在2018和2019年是NO^-₃-N的源,而对照绿色屋顶在监测期均为NO^-₃-N的源;绿色屋顶的植被类型和使用时长显著影响其径...     

不同降雨条件下植被对绿色屋顶径流调控效益影响

植被是绿色屋顶的重要组成部分,可通过截留雨水和蒸散耗水等过程影响绿色屋顶的径流调控效益.本文基于太阳花(Portulaca grandiflora)、佛甲草(Sedum lineare)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和无植被等4种植被覆盖类型绿色屋顶2017年雨季26场降雨径流过程的监测数据,从径流和洪峰削减、产流和峰现时间延迟四方面定量分析植被在不同降雨条件下对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响.结果表明,绿色屋顶径流削减率与降雨量呈显著负相关(P 0. 01),降雨量10 mm时,绿色屋顶径流削减率等于或接近100%;降雨量超过30 mm,所有绿色屋顶的径流削减率降低到70%以下;当降雨量达到监测期内最大的81. 4 mm时,各绿色屋顶径流削减率都低于55%.植被覆盖类型对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响随降雨条件而改变,大雨条件下不同植被覆盖类型绿色屋顶的径流削减率差异最大,中雨和暴雨条件下次之,小雨条件下因各绿色屋顶几乎都不产流而无明显差异.在中雨、大雨和暴雨条件下,有植被覆盖绿色屋顶的径流削减率、洪峰削减率、产流和峰现时间延迟等4个指标都明显优于无植被覆盖的绿色屋顶.株高和单位面积地上生物量最高的太阳花绿色屋顶的径流调控效益优于佛甲草绿色屋顶.     

基于Hydrus-1D不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流调控效益研究

气候条件是影响绿色屋顶径流调控效益的重要因素,目前国内尚缺乏不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流调控效益的对比研究.基于北京市区搭建的绿色屋顶在2017—2019年实测降雨-径流数据,率定和验证Hydrus-1D绿色屋顶降雨-径流模型,并采用该模型模拟分析6个不同气候区城市（兰州、北京、沈阳、合肥、上海和深圳）绿色屋顶在不同设计暴雨条件下的降雨-径流过程,定量分析气候条件对绿色屋顶径流调控效益的影响.结果表明：基于Hydrus-1D可准确模拟绿色屋顶径流过程,模型率定与验证的纳什效率系数平均值分别为0.73和0.67;不同气候区城市绿色屋顶径流削减率、洪峰削减率和产流延迟时间随暴雨重现期增加而降低,兰州绿色屋顶的峰现延迟时间随重现期增加明显降低,而其他城市绿色屋顶的峰现延迟时间较短,均在0～2 min;半干旱气候区城市兰州绿色屋顶的径流削减率（23.89%～68.73%）和洪峰削减率（44.15%～88.21%）均明显高于其他湿润、半湿润气候区城市;兰州绿色屋顶的产流延迟时间最高（37～52 min）,依次高于北京、合肥、沈阳、上海和深圳.随气候条件由湿润到干旱,绿色屋顶的径流调控效益逐渐提高....     

粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污效果影响因素研究进展

绿色屋顶作为海绵城市低影响开发措施之一,在实际降雨事件中表现出一定的雨水径流滞蓄截污效果,能有效缓解城市内涝和面源污染的现状。且粗放式绿色屋顶因其对屋顶荷载要求低、后期维护较易、成本低等一系列优点,适合实际工程应用,因此对粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污效果的影响因素进行研究,对今后的工程应用具有一定的实际指导意义。通过综述近几年国内外关于粗放式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞蓄截污影响因素的研究,指出目前进行相关研究的不足之处和对今后的研究与实践提出展望。     

绿色屋顶雨洪调控能力与效益评价

日益频发的城市内涝灾害引起了社会各界的广泛关注,其主要原因是快速城市化导致的不透水面增加.绿色屋顶能够有效增加城市透水面面积,进而从源头上控制雨水径流,具有重要的生态环境效益.本文以南京市金陵小学行政楼的绿色屋顶为研究区,收集了17个月（2016-06~2017-10）中的76起降雨与径流数据,探讨了场地尺度上绿色屋顶的综合径流调控能力,辨识了影响其径流调控能力的主要因素,并基于生命周期评价理论与方法对其30年生命周期下的雨洪调控效益进行了定量评价.结果表明：①该绿色屋顶的平均截流率为62.7%,可有效削减雨水径流量和洪峰流量、延缓径流发生时间和峰现时间.②绿色屋顶对于中小型降雨具有较强的截流能力,但当其滞留能力达到饱和状态或未完全恢复时,即使是小型降雨,其截流能力也会大幅降低.③绿色屋顶径流调控能力的主要影响因素为降雨量、降雨强度和生长基质含水量.④绿色屋顶建设的成本效率为12.51元·m^-3,费效比为5/12（0.41）,经济效益较高.本研究结果可为绿色屋顶的规划建设、推广普及政策制定提供重要的科学依据和决策参考.     

城市雨洪管理中绿色屋顶研究与应用进展

绿色屋顶作为城市雨洪管理技术之一,对城市雨洪资源化和非点源污染控制有重要作用。文章系统论述了绿色屋顶的发展历史、定义、分类及结构等;分析了绿色屋顶在工程基础技术、雨洪管理、模型模拟等方面的研究进展,归纳了绿色屋顶的优势及不足之处;在此基础上,预期了绿色屋顶的发展趋势,指出基质选配、植被配置、新材料的应用、调峰控污规律、结构优化以及性能和全生命周期评价是目前绿色屋顶研究、应用的关键问题。     

植被对绿色屋顶径流量和水质影响

植被是绿色屋顶的关键组成部分,也是影响绿色屋顶径流量和水质的重要因素之一.本文基于大花马齿苋(Portulaca grandiflora)、佛甲草(Sedum lineare)、高羊茅(Festuca elata)和无植被(对照组)这4种植被覆盖类型绿色屋顶2017年植物生长特征、降雨和径流过程的监测,及对雨水和各绿色屋顶径流中营养元素(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P)与重金属(Cr、Cd、Cu和Ni)的浓度检测,定量分析了不同植被覆盖类型对绿色屋顶径流量和污染负荷的影响.结果表明:①大花马齿苋、佛甲草、高羊茅和对照组绿色屋顶的平均径流削减率分别为51. 3%、41. 5%、36. 3%和33. 0%,大花马齿苋绿色屋顶径流削减率显著高于高羊茅和对照组绿色屋顶(P 0. 05);②大花马齿苋和佛甲草绿色屋顶是NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的汇,且地上生物量更大的大花马齿苋绿色屋顶对营养元素的污染负荷削减率(分别为59. 6%、99. 9%、82. 5%和25. 7%)均高于佛甲草绿色屋顶(分别为52. 5%、89. 3%、75. 3%和7. 8%),而高羊茅和对照组绿色屋顶是NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的汇,是NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的源;③大花马齿苋、佛甲草、高羊茅和对照组绿色屋顶均是DCd的汇,污染负荷削减率分别为19. 2%、41. 5%、38. 4%和31. 1%,但4组绿色屋顶均是DCr、DCu和DNi的源.     

聚焦哈里哈乡生态致富路

作为生态环境部生态宜居美丽村镇建设示范点,河北省承德市围场县哈里哈乡在生态环境部宣传教育中心的支持下,用好"绿水青山"资源,将资源变资本,因地制宜发展绿色产业,打造绿色品牌,建设屋顶光伏发电站、发展肉牛饲养、积极培育草编产业等,探索出一条脱贫攻坚与生态文明建设"双赢"的乡村生态振兴新路.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.