基于生态效率的城市可持续性评价及应用研究

综合评价城市复合生态系统是实现区域可持续发展要面对的重要科学问题.城市生态效率反映了城市系统的资源环境与社会福利的投入产出关系,是将可持续发展的宏观目标融入城市发展规划与管理中的有效工具.综合生态足迹和人类发展指数的理论方法,构建了基于生态效率的城市可持续性评价模型.应用该模型对厦门市生态效率进行了时间序列分析:2000～2006年,厦门市生态效率呈现先平稳上升后陡然下降又小幅回升的波动性变化.厦门市人均生态足迹由4.279hm2增加至5.462hm2;人类发展指数由0.831增加至0.896;生态效率下降15.5%,资源效率下降15.7%,环境效率下降15.3%.研究表明,厦门市的可持续性经历了由可持续性次增强→可持续性增强→可持续性减弱→可持续性增强路径的转变,总体趋势仍是可持续性减弱.     

基于可持续性的城市总体规划环境影响评价指标体系

城市总体规划（简称“总规”）是实施城市可持续性战略的重要载体,战略环境评价（SEA）是连接抽象的、宏观的可持续发展战略与具体的、可操作的建设项目之间的桥梁,是实施可持续发展战略的政策工具;指标体系是SEA工作的核心工作和评价依据。然而,当前存在城市总体规划环境影响评价（总规环评）指标体系与城市规划内容、城市可持续性脱节,指标体系的设计缺乏理论支撑等问题。本文首先归纳出城市可持续性的一般内涵,然后通过逻辑关系分析、影响评价矩阵的方法,识别总规的可持续性影响,构建了可持续性总规环评指标体系框架,最后以太仓为案例说明框架的应用。     

舒适性视角下安徽省城市可持续竞争力评价研究

为了更好地掌握安徽省城市竞争力的现实状态,基于可持续消费与舒适性理论,构建了城市可持续竞争力评价模型。选择了安徽8个城市以及苏浙沪6个城市进行对比,利用熵值法与协调发展度模型来处理数据,最后得到如下结论:安徽的城市可持续竞争力正在上升,但是仍然落后于苏浙沪;与苏浙沪相比,安徽的经济舒适性、社会舒适性与环境舒适性仍有待进一步提升;虽然安徽的社会可持续性与环境可持续性都低于苏浙沪,但是这两种可持续性之间更加均衡,未来可能会有助于安徽省吸引人才。     

城市水系统的可持续性研究进展

主要从城市水系统可持续性评价、城市水系统运行效率分析和城市水系统优化配置研究等方面对城市水系统的可持续性进行了全面的介绍,总结了国内外在该领域的研究成果,分析了现有研究中存在的不足,并为未来研究提出建议。     

城市生态环境可持续评价的两类方法比较

在介绍城市生态环境可持续评价的两种方法的基础上，探讨了相对可持续性评价方法和绝对可持续性评价方法（生态足迹方法）的优点和不足之处，指出了不同方法的适用范围，并着重强调了利用生态足迹方法进行城市生态环境可持续性评价时要注意城市开放生态系统问题，对城市生态环境可持续性评价的实践具有指导意义。     

基于"菱形模型"的资源型城市绿色发展动态评价 ——以鄂尔多斯市为例

坚持绿色发展理念,推动资源型城市绿色转型,急需构建服务于资源型城市转型的绿色发展评价体系,摸清绿色发展现状及其变化,诊断绿色发展存在的问题与面临的制约因素,探索绿色发展实现路径。本文认为,资源型城市绿色发展需要解决好降低传统资源产业依赖和减轻环境影响两大主要问题,而结构转型和增强内源性增长动力是绿色发展的核心。本文构建了适用于资源型城市绿色发展的"菱形模型"框架,并结合资源型城市绿色发展的经济可持续性、环境可持续性、结构转型、内源性增长动力四大要素,构建了服务于资源型城市转型的绿色评价指标体系。以鄂尔多斯市为例,分析了2012—2017年绿色发展的时空变化特征及其障碍因素。结果显示:2017年鄂尔多斯市绿色发展水平整体不高,各区旗以相对较高绿色发展水平为主,经济可持续性目标明显强于环境可持续性目标;2012—2017年间,鄂尔多斯市绿色发展水平略有提升,经济可持续性和内源性增长能力有所提高,环境可持续性水平和结构转型水平略有降低,经济可持续性与环境可持续性的目标协调性显著增加,已逐步形成以东胜-康巴什组成的鄂尔多斯城市核心区为中心的绿色发展空间格局;环境可持续性为该地区绿色发展的首要障碍性因素,经济可持续性的障碍度最弱,环境可持续性和结构转型的障碍度呈持续上升态势,经济可持续性和内源性增长动力的障碍度有所下降。结合各区旗绿色发展的障碍性因素,可以将鄂尔多斯市分为经济增长型、环境提升型、结构优化型和内源动力夯实型四类区域,不同类型区域有不同的绿色发展实现路径。     

欧洲绿色城市主义:理论、实践与借鉴

为解决城市化进程中的环境问题,绿色城市主义理论应运面生.实践表明,该理论成功指导了欧洲城市的绿色转型,城市通过紧凑发展、公共交通优先发展、发展绿色经济与生态管理,有效避免了城市的蔓延式无序发展,降低了城市交通对小汽车出行的依赖,城市环境质量显著提升,城市宜居性得到大幅提升.当前,中国城市化已经进入加速发展阶段,城市发展面临一系列问题,如何借鉴欧洲绿色城市主义的先进理论及实践经验,有效提升中国城镇化发展质量,本文试图对该问题进行研究,并提出完善城镇化的对策措施.     

城市居住区的可持续设计及其管理系统

对城市居住区可持续设计的基本内涵、原则与方法进行了论述，分析了居住区可持续设计的管理系统。认为居住区的可持续性设计和管理系统是２１世纪的住房革命，追求社会效益、经济效益和环境效益的统一，也是我国２１世纪居住区建设的发展方向。     

探讨城市高污染燃料禁燃区划分方法

继国务院发布《大气污染防治行动计划》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》以来,大气污染防治被国家视为重中之重。各相应部门纷纷响应,随即出台一系列的政策和措施,划定高污染燃料禁燃区是整治大气污染和提升大气环境质量的重要措施,目前国内很多城市都已划定城市高污染燃料禁燃区。本文以目前发布的城市高污染燃料禁燃区方案为研究对象,探究其划定的方法和实施过程中存在的问题,为全国其他城市在划定时提供参考。     

我国城市水环境管理策略建议——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

城市化的快速发展导致了一系列水环境问题,文章在深入分析目前我国城市水环境管理现状的基础上,针对目前存在的问题,结合《水污染防治行动计划》关于城市水环境的要求,提出了完善法规标准、加强城市水环境质量目标管理、开展城市水环境系统综合规划、构建城市可持续水循环利用模式、加强监管和信息公开等城市水环境管理策略建议,对于实现我国城市水环境质量全面改善、水生态系统健康发展、促进水环境保护与城市发展共赢的目标具有一定的借鉴意义。     

对城市交通规划EIA替代方案的思考

阐述了替代方案的内涵和作用，分析了城市交通规划EIA的重要性，对城市交通规划EIA中替代方案的确定程序与分析比较方法、公众参与替代方案确定和分析过程中的作用等内容进行了探讨。     

Linking academic and local knowledge: community-based research and service learning for sustainable rural development in Hungary

Discussions about the potential role of academic and research institutions in regional sustainability initiatives (RSIs) inevitably raise the issue of the role of science in society in general. In democratic societies, it can be argued that science–society relationships should be based on establishing and institutionalizing mutual dialogues, making public concerns not only visible but the public as equal partner. In order to fulfil the social responsibilities of academic institutions involved in RSIs through establishing dialogues with diverse stakeholders, a possible methodology is conducting participatory action research (PAR) combined with the educational model of service learning. The PAR project reported here aims at facilitating a bottom-up, micro-region level sustainability planning and development process in one of the most socio-economically disadvantaged rural areas of north-east Hungary. Some of the main results of this university–community partnership were its contribution to sustainability, including the activation of local capabilities and networking across various local stakeholder groups through various small-scale projects and the co-production of a socially grounded and landscape-based rural development plan for the micro-region.     

Giving “teeth” to an environmental policy: a Delphi Study at Dalhousie University

This paper assesses the effectiveness of using the Delphi method in constructing an implementation plan for university sustainability policies using the case study of Dalhousie University. The objectives of the case study were twofold. First, the study endeavored to develop ideas as to the most desirable and feasible ways in which to incorporate the sustainability policy into the activities and structure of the university. Second, the study sought to assess the applicability of the Delphi technique for consulting with stakeholders in the development of an implementation plan, as this tool had not been used in this specific context before.     

Sustainability in Mexican Higher Education: towards a new academic and professional culture

This article focuses on institutions of higher education and the introduction of sustainability in the curricula of these institutions. It states that a very important part of developing new curricula is the focus on a new academic and professional culture. The key argument is as follows. Normally institutions of higher education build upon the training that students received in previous phases of education. That is why institutions of higher education can focus on education in highly specific and specialized knowledge and skills. Education for sustainability, however, cannot follow this ‘normal’ pathway because much of what students learned in their previous education does not fit into the paradigm of sustainability. That is why sustainability education should include a partial ‘re-education’ and ‘re-programming’ of students. The article presents a framework for such a new academic and professional culture focussing on sustainability. It shows how this framework is developed within the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco (UAM-A) in Mexico. The article also shows how the development of this framework is embedded in various initiatives on a national and international level. First of all the framework is developed as part of the design and implementation of an environmental plan for the whole university. The making of this plan is encouraged by the Mexican National Association of Universities and Higher Educations Institutions. Since the year 2002 this Association stimulates all major universities in Mexico to develop and implement such an environmental plan. These activities on their turn fit very well into the “United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development” that started in January 2005. Finally the article presents the first promising results of the new course “The environmental challenges” that is based on many elements of the framework. It was started in 2005 in the Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering of UAM-Azcapotzalco, Mexico.     

可持续城市研究进展及其对国土空间规划的启示

可持续城市是很多学科和领域关注的焦点。智能化和网络社会的演进促进了技术与可持续发展的关系研究,可持续城市研究亟需创新理论和方法。国内学界对可持续城市的前沿关注不够,结合国土空间规划的反思和探讨欠缺。因此,借助CiteSpace软件对国内外可持续城市研究进行系统评述,分析其演进脉络和研究热点,并探讨其对国土空间规划的启示。可持续城市研究主要经历了萌芽、兴起、增长、扩散四个阶段。可持续城市应当以自然、社会和技术三者的协调发展为核心。可持续城市的国际研究主要集中在气候变化、城市治理和智慧城市三个方面,并由“可持续”向“可持续智能”转变,大数据辅助城市规划成为趋势,社区多元主体共治逐渐增强。新可持续智能城市研究框架与国土空间规划的结合将是未来研究的关键。中国需要加强可持续智能城市的研究和实践,提出科学的可持续智能城市评价指标体系,结合国情重视城乡共治,并将这些理念渗透在国土空间规划中。     

Establishing a sustainable mining operation: an overview

In a review of the literature on sustainability in mining, it was found that there is limited guidance for mine operators to put sustainability frameworks and theory into action on the ground. This paper argues that operators can improve the sustainability of their mine sites by ensuring that leading practices are implemented in five areas. In addition to the widely-accepted dimensions of Environment, Economic and Community, Safety and Resource Efficiency must be addressed. The need for highlighting these additional elements is demonstrated in an analysis of over one thousand unplanned or prematurely closed mines over the past 30 years.     

Tools and concepts for sustainable development,how do they relate to a general framework for sustainable development,and to each other?

We present a general framework to plan for sustainability and then relate it to some well-known tools for sustainable development. This framework follows from principles for how a system is constituted (ecological and social principles), and contains principles for a favorable outcome for the system (sustainability), as well as principles for the process to reach this outcome (sustainable development). The principles for sustainability define the favorable outcome and direct problem-solving upstream towards problemsources. A program of activities is then constructed by backcasting from defined outcomes to the current problems. This is followed by “metrics”, i.e. various concepts for measuring and monitoring the activities. Most concepts and tools for sustainable development function as metrics, for instance life cycle assessment (LCA), ecological footprinting (EF), and Factor X. An environmental management system (EMS), like ISO 14001 or EMAS, is an administrative vehicle that should systematically align a firm's specific outcomes, activities and metrics with a general framework for sustainability. From a strategic point of view, metrics should measure alignment of activities with the principles contained in a framework for sustainability. A framework is not an alternative to concepts and tools for metrics. We need them all, because they represent different interrelated levels of strategic planning.     

Developing policy integrating sustainability: A case study into aviation

Support for the notion that policy should embrace sustainability is widespread but the actual incorporation of the concept into policy is proving to be difficult. To insert the word into a policy document, accompanied by some marginal changes, is enough to allow policy makers to claim that sustainability has been considered. The novel research reported here has applied sustainability analysis to the case of aviation which is one of the areas of policy where the conflict between environmental and economic objectives is most intense. It was found that sustainable policy options are blocked whilst sustainability is regarded as an add-on to existing policy. The policy stalemate exists because it is neither understood nor accepted that sustainability requires systemic change. The empirical stage of the research comprised 28 stakeholder interviews and identified four categories of action with the potential to break the stalemate in aviation which could be applied also to other areas of policy: long-term strategic planning; facilitation of dialogue between stakeholders; government support for innovation; and educating the public. The study concluded that fundamental change to the process of crafting policy is required if sustainability is to fulfil its potential to reconcile environmental and economic objectives.     

Explorations on the University's role in society for sustainable development through a systems transition approach. Case-study of the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC)

Focusing on the sustainability challenge, a growing number of Universities are redefining their core strategies in order to adapt to the real social needs and expectations of their stakeholders. Beyond integrating sustainability into the University's internal activities (curriculum, research, operations, etc.), the challenge seems to be integrating the University with the sustainable development paths of society. For the last 10 years the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) has tackled this challenge through an overarching strategic plan. The latest strategy, UPC Sustainable Plan 2015 has adopted a different focus, which was designed through a participatory approach, involving many internal and external stakeholders.This work aims to use a conceptual framework based on systems transitions to assess the systems change potential of a University strategy, in this case, the sustainability strategy of UPC. The main objectives of this paper are: to present the sustainability strategy participatory design process and its outcomes at UPC; to analyse the strategy change potential through a new transition/systems renewal method that is proposed; and to compare it with the UPCs previous environmental strategy; The work concludes that the systems transition potential is currently higher with the new strategy and discusses the elements that explain this finding.     

Uncertainty-based quantitative assessment of sustainability for higher education institutions

Evaluation of sustainability in various facets of life is gaining increasing importance. Traditionally, different multi-criteria decision-making methods have been used for sustainability assessment. “Sustainability” can be a qualitative concept, and as such several researchers have attempted fuzzy logic for the quantitative assessment of sustainability. This paper outlines a new evaluation model based on fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making. The model is tested for sustainability assessment of higher education institutions (HEIs). It is based on a driving force–pressure–state–exposure–effect–action (DPSEEA) framework and is called uncertainty-based DPSEEA-Sustainability index Model (uD-SiM). The uD-SiM is a causality-based model in which the sustainability index is an outcome of nonlinear impacts of sustainability indicators in different stages of DPSEEA. The percent contribution of driving forces on the sustainability index of HEI is investigated using sensitivity analysis. The study reveals that education in sustainability and global and local research trends are the major driving forces for achieving sustainability in HEI, followed by financial and economic growth rate, social equity, energy requirements rate, and institutional enhancement, in descending order. The results of uD-SiM were found to be more realistic and rational than our earlier proposed approach, D-SiM.