溴代甲烷在SO42-/TiO2上的光催化降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂,运用XRD、BET比表面测定,FTIR等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并在微型常压连续反应装置上进行CH₃Br光催化反应性能考察.结果表明,SO₄^2-引入TiO₂体系使得催化剂的结构和光催化性能得到显著改善.SO₄^2-负载量为9%,烧结温度为450℃时,SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂的光催化活性最高;SO₄^2-/TiO₂催化剂对反应物料中的水汽有很好的耐受性;当反应温度低于85℃时,提高反应温度,有利于改善对CH₃Br的光催化反应活性,表观活化能约为19.6kJ·mol^-1,反应温度在85℃～105℃区间时,CH3Br的光催化降解表观活化能为0.     

草粉担载Na2CO3可逆脱硫吸附剂的制备及脱硫活性

通过浸渍方法,制备了5%～90%(质量分数)担载量Na₂CO₃/草粉脱硫剂.实验结果表明,较小的草粉粒度(≤0.28mm)和较低的气体流量(40mL/min)有利于SO₂脱除,但是脱硫温度(70℃～300℃)对脱硫效果影响不大.利用XRD,SEM,ATR-IR等分析手段,研究了草粉改性Na₂CO₃脱硫吸附剂的机理.实验证明:改性Na₂CO₃吸附剂高效脱硫的机理主要在于吸附剂表面结构的无定形态,因而具有比较大的比表面积(12.14m²/g)和孔体积(0.093cm³/g).     

CuxCe1-xO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂催化燃烧甲苯性能的研究

以γ-Al₂O₃ 为载体,以复合氧化物Cu_xCe_1-xO₂为活性组分,其中,x=0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,通过浸渍法制备了一系列Cu_xCe_1-xO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂.在固定床反应器中评价了催化剂对甲苯的催化活性,通过XRD、SEM对催化剂进行表征,并运用ICP-MS分析并计算Cu、Ce的摩尔比以及活性组分的负载量.结果表明,在Cu_xCe_1-xO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中Cu、Ce摩尔比的实际值与理论值相近,活性组分的负载量在19%以上,而且对甲苯都有较好的低温催化活性,其中当x=0.2时,即Cu_0.2Ce_0.8O₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对甲苯的催化活性最高,其中T₁₀=160 ℃,T₉₀=265 ℃;当甲苯的进口浓度在700~3000 mg·m^-3时,进口浓度对Cu_0.2Ce_0.8O₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化活性影响较小,且经过连续80 h的稳定性操作后转化率仍然保持在90%以上.     

富氧条件下SnO2/Al2O3催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NOx的研究

考察了分别用浸渍法、共沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NO_x的催化活性,发现制备方法与Sn的负载量对其活性有重要影响.溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂活性最高,Sn的最佳负载量为5%.与浸渍法和共沉淀法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,溶胶-凝胶法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂受水蒸汽的抑制作用较弱,并且在水和SO₂共存的条件下活性最高.此外,反应气中丙烯及氧气浓度的增加有利于NO_x转化率的提高.     

水热溶剂对Cu/CeO2-TiO2催化CO2加氢制甲醇反应性能的影响

以高暴露（001）面锐钛矿TiO₂为载体,使用3种不同溶剂（甲醇、乙二醇和丙三醇）水热负载CeO₂,进而以CeO₂-TiO₂为载体采用硼氢化钠还原法负载Cu,合成Cu/CeO₂-TiO₂催化剂用于催化CO₂加氢制甲醇.XRD、SEM、BET、ICP-OES、XPS、H₂-TPR、EPR和CO₂-TPD等表征表明,以 甲醇/水为混合溶剂合成的CeO₂-TiO₂（CT-M）载体中CeO₂粒径较小、Ce³⁺浓度较高,更有利于Cu的负载与分散,形成紧密接触的三相界面;其负载Cu的催化剂CCT-M经焙烧、还原后形成的CuCeTi三相界面相互作用更强,可产生更多的表面Ce³⁺、氧空位和体相Ti³⁺,表面Ce³⁺、氧空位和体相Ti³⁺等缺陷有利于CO₂的吸附活化,较小粒径的Cu则可加速氢解离,因此,CCT-M具有更多的CO₂加氢反应活性位点,表现出最优的CO₂加氢产甲醇活性.     

PEI改性生物炭的制备及对CO2吸附性能的评价

采用超声辅助-水热法将聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）成功接枝到玉米芯生物炭表面,制备了PEI改性生物炭材料（PBC）,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）等方法对其表征.结果表明,虽然PEI通过CN、C-N和离子键与生物炭表面的活性基团链接,但制备的PBC材料仍保持原生炭的无定型结构和形貌,且比表面积高达928.1 m²·g^-1.同时,还研究了PBC的吸附性能和热力学行为,结果表明,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附机制,属于微孔单层吸附过程,而且随温度的降低,吸附量增大,在10、20和30℃时,饱和吸附量（Q_m）分别为6.47、4.75和2.64 mmol·g^-1.此外,PBC重复利用性能良好,容易实现热再生,即使循环利用10次,吸附性能也无显著变化（p>0.05）,且穿透吸附量（Q_B）保持在2.6~2.7 mmol·g^-1.     

TiO2柱撑膨润土光催化气相甲苯的活性研究：湿度对活性的影响与催化剂结构的关系

采用溶胶法合成TiO₂柱撑膨润土复合光催化剂. N₂吸附-脱附（BET）结果表明, 573、 673、 773 K热处理后的催化剂,比表面积分别为140.15、 110.13、 88.38 m²/g. 在气相光催化甲苯的连续系统中,研究湿度对催化剂活性的影响.结果表明,在研究范围内,水分子与甲苯在催化剂表面发生竞争吸附,导致光催化活性随着湿度的增加而降低. 光催化反应符合L-H模型. 573、 673、 773 K热处理后的催化剂,对水蒸气的吸附常数分别为2.8×10^-5、 4.1×10^-5、 1.8×10^-4 m³·mg^-1. 573 K热处理后的催化剂,在较低湿度条件下其催化活性不及673 K、 773 K热处理后的催化剂,在高湿度下其活性却最佳,即它抗湿度影响的能力最强.采用热解析法测得了催化剂对甲苯的吸附性,当相对湿度从25%增至75%时, 573、 673、 773 K热处理后的催化剂对甲苯的吸附量分别从184.8、 130.5、 77.6 μg/g降到3.25、 1.92、 1.65 μg/g.随着比表面积的增加,催化剂对污染物的吸附性能增加,因而相应的表观水蒸气吸附常数减少,抗湿度影响的能力增强. 实验结果表明在TiO₂柱撑膨润土光催化气态污染物的实际应用过程中,要考虑环境湿度和催化剂结构,选择环境湿度下催化性能最佳的催化剂.     

钒和钨负载量对V2O5-WO3/TiO2表面形态及催化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同钒和钨负载量的V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂样品,对样品NH3选择性催化还原NO性能进行了评价,并用BET、XRD、XPS等手段对催化剂样品的表面形态进行了表征.研究发现,钒的负载量对催化剂的比表面积和催化活性有显著影响,当钒负载量从1%升高到8%时,催化剂比表面积下降了16 m2/g,最高活性温度降低了约100℃.钨起到稳定剂和助剂的双重作用,当钒负载量为1%时,钨负载量从0升高到6%,催化剂比表面积仅下降了3 m2/g,而活性温度窗口向高温和低温各拓宽了约50℃.研究表明钒和钨负载量都能影响催化剂表面的VOx物种,但对催化剂的表面晶型没有明显影响.     

壳-核结构Fe3O4/MnO2磁性吸附剂的制备、表征及铅吸附去除研究

采用共沉淀法制备了具有壳-核结构的磁性吸附剂Fe₃O₄/MnO₂,对其性质进行了系统表征,并对其铅吸附行为进行了初步研究.透射电镜(TEM)结果表明,Fe₃O₄/MnO₂为大小不规则的纳米级细小颗粒.X-射线衍射仪(XRD)表征结果表明,Fe₃O₄/MnO₂具有尖晶石的结构.振动样品磁强计(VSM)测得比饱和磁化强度为54.7 A·m²·kg^-1, 吸附剂磁性较强,易于磁分离;BET比表面积为76.5 m²·g^-1.吸附试验结果表明,Fe₃O₄/MnO₂对铅具有良好的去除效果(特别是在低平衡浓度情况下),最大吸附量为142.0 mg·g^-1(pH=5.0);Langmuir等温线能更好地拟合Fe₃O₄/MnO₂对溶液中铅的吸附(R²=0.852);吸附速率较快,在初始30 min内可达到平衡吸附量的80%,准二级动力学模型(R²=0.959)能较好地描述吸附过程;溶液pH对Fe₃O₄/MnO₂吸附铅的影响较为明显,随pH升高,吸附量增大,但离子强度变化对吸附影响不大.     

碳负载富氧空位的NiCo2O4用于电催化还原硝酸盐

水体中硝酸盐是一种广泛存在的污染物,因此,开发用于水中硝酸盐还原的高效电催化剂受到广泛关注.采用溶胶-凝胶法耦合硼氢化钠还原法制备了碳负载富氧空位的NiCo₂O_4-x/C电催化剂,并研究其去除硝酸盐的性能.结果发现,在该体系中,耦合导电碳载体可改善半导体型电催化剂导电性,构建氧空位可促使原子H^*生成,最终实现硝酸盐高效还原.NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极在电流密度为20 mA·cm^-2、pH=7的条件下,可于3 h内去除水中94.8%的NO₃^--N,相较于NiCo₂O₄及NiCo₂O₄/C阴极,NO₃^--N去除率分别提高了36.6%和12.2%.此外,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极在连续5次还原硝酸盐过程中性能并未有明显变化.结合掩蔽实验和电子顺磁共振波谱分析证实,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极除了可通过直接电子还原硝酸盐外,还可以通过生成原子H^*间接还原硝酸盐.通过对实际废水处理进一步验证其转化硝酸盐的性能,研究表明,NiCo₂O_4-x/C阴极可有效去除焦化废水生物出水中硝酸盐.     

Na2SO4中毒SCR催化剂对SO3生成特性的影响

为研究Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂（V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂）对SO₃生成特性的影响,采用湿式浸渍法制备w（Na）为3%的Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂,并通过N₂物理吸附/脱附、XRD（X射线衍射）技术、SEM（扫描电镜）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）分析技术对催化剂的物理化学特性进行表征.结果表明:①随着反应温度的升高,所有催化剂上的SO₃生成率逐渐增加.当温度升至490℃时,SCR催化剂上的SO₃生成率为0.85%,而3% Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂上的SO₃生成率高达1.36%.SO₄2-的存在导致V-O-S增多,从而促进SO₃的生成.②随入口ρ（SO₂）的增加,SO₃生成率呈下降的趋势.当入口ρ（SO₂）为1 000 mg/m3时,3% Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂上的SO₃生成率为1.02%,而SCR催化剂上仅为0.60%.ρ（SO₂）对SO₃生成率的影响主要依赖于温度和催化剂活性位点数等.③N₂物理吸附/脱附、XRD和SEM表征结果表明,与SCR催化剂相比,Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂表面有Na₂SO₄的积聚,出现了裂纹和大孔隙,催化剂的比表面积和孔容下降,这些变化均不利于催化剂的催化性能;XPS结果表明,Na₂SO₄的加入提高了表面化学吸附氧含量,降低了活性组分中w（V4+）/w（V5+）的值.研究显示,相比于SCR催化剂,Na₂SO₄中毒SCR催化剂上的SO₃生成率大幅增加.      

Effect of MoO3 on vanadium based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature

The selective catalytic reduction(SCR) activities of the MoO_3 doped V/WTi catalysts prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method at low temperature were investigated.The results showed that the addition of MoO_3 could enhance the NO_ xconversion at low temperature and the best SCR activity was obtained when the dosage of MoO_3 reached5 wt.%. The NH3-TPD and DRIFTS experiments indicated that the addition of MoO_3 changed the type and number of acid sites on the surface of catalysts and reaction activities of acid sites were altered at the same time. The redox capacity and amount of active oxygen species got improved for V3Mo5/WTi catalyst, which could be confirmed by the H_2-TPR and transient response experiments. Water vapor inhibited the NO_xconversion at low temperature. Deposition of ammonium sulfate or bisulfate might be main reason for the loss of catalytic activity in the presence of SO_2 at low temperature. Choosing the suitable NH_3/NO ratio and elevation of reaction temperature both could weaken the influence of SO_2 on the SCR activity of the V3Mo5/WTi catalyst. Thermal treatment of the deactivated catalyst at350°C could get the low temperature activity recovered. The decrease of GHSV improved the de NO_x efficiency at low temperature and we speculated that the rational technological process and operation parameters could contribute to the application of this kind of catalysts in real industrial environment.     

CeO2改性MnOx/Al2O3的低温SCR法脱硝性能及机制研究

采用凝胶溶胶法制备大比表面积的Al2O3载体,等体积浸渍法配制负载MnOx和CeO2组分的CeO2-MnOx催化剂.以NH3为还原剂,一定的空气流速及合适的气体配比的条件下,考察所制备的催化剂在70～300℃范围内低温SCR法的脱硝性能及机制,同时分别对催化剂进行BET、XRD、SEM等表征实验,研究催化剂的理化性质....     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

ACF负载金属氧化物及尿素低温去除NO

以活性炭纤维(ACF)负载NiO以及NiO-CeO2制备了一系列催化剂,并在催化剂上负载尿素作为还原剂,研究其在30～120℃范围内的催化还原NO的活性.通过SEM、BET、XRD等表征实验选择性地对催化剂进行了理化特征研究.结果表明,3种不同质量分数的NiO催化剂中,5%NiO/ACF效率较低,10%NiO的催化剂活性以及活性稳定性较好,在90℃即可达到50%左右的NO净化效率,15%NiO/ACF的催化活性稳定性较差.在3种不同质量分数的NiO-CeO2/ACF催化剂中,5%NiO-5%CeO2/ACF的活性以及活性稳定性最好,在110℃可达到55%以上的NO净化效率.10%CeO2-5%NiO/ACF活性高于5%CeO2-10%NiO/ACF;活性金属的最佳负载量为10%,过多的负载量会引起催化剂比表面积的减少从而导致催化剂活性下降;金属氧化物是催化反应的活性中心.对10%CeO2/ACF、10%NiO/ACF和5%CeO2-5%NiO/ACF的研究显示,5%CeO2-5%NiO/ACF的催化活性最好,CeO2和NiO的协同作用使催化剂的活性优于2种单独负载的催化剂.本研究还对催化剂的低温催化机制进行了分析和讨论.     

A comparative study of Mn/CeO2, Mn/ZrO2 and Mn/Ce-ZrO2 for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 in the presence of SO2 and H2O

Ce-ZrO2 is a widely used three-way catalyst support.Because of the large surface area and excellent redox quality,Ce-ZrO2 may have potential application in selective catalytic reduction(SCR) systems.In the present work,Ce-ZrO2 was introduced into a low-temperature SCR system and CeO2 and ZrO2 supports were also introduced to make a contrastive study.Mn/CeO2,Mn/ZrO2 and Mn/Ce-ZrO2 were prepared by impregnating these supports with Mn(NO3)2 solution,and have been characterized by N2-BET,XRD,TPR,TPD,XPS,FT-IR and TG.The activity and resistance to SO2 and H2O of the catalysts were investigated.Mn/Ce-ZrO2 and Mn/CeO2 were proved to have better low-temperature activities than Mn/ZrO2,and yielded 98.6% and 96.8% NO conversion at 180°C,respectively.This is mainly because Mn/Ce-ZrO2 and Mn/CeO2 had higher dispersion of manganese oxides,better redox properties and more weakly adsorbed oxygen species than Mn/ZrO2.In addition,Mn/Ce-ZrO2 showed a good resistance to SO2 and H2O and presented 87.1% NO conversion,even under SO2 and H2O treatment for 6 hours,and the activity of Mn/Ce-ZrO2 was almost restored to its original level after cutting off the injection of SO2 and H2O.This was due to the weak water absorption and weak sulfation process on the surface of the catalyst.     

Characterization and performance of Pt/SBA-15 for low-temperature SCR of NO by C3H6

Pt supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 was investigated as a catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO by C 3 H 6 in the presence of excess oxygen.The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,BET surface area,TEM,NO-TPD,NO/C 3 H 6-TPO,NH 3-TPD,XPS and 27 Al MAS NMR.The effects of Pt loading amount,O 2 /C 3 H 6 concentration,and incorporation of Al into SBA-15 have been studied.It was found that the removal efficiency increased significantly after Pt loading,but an optimal loading amount was observed.In particular,under an atmosphere of 150 ppm NO,150 ppm C 3 H 6,and 18 vol.% O 2,0.5% Pt/SBA-15 showed remarkably high catalytic performance giving 80.1% NOx reduction and 87.04% C 3 H 6 conversion simultaneously at 140°C.The enhanced SCR activity of Pt/SBA-15 is associated with its outstanding oxidation activities of NO to NO 2 and C 3 H 6 to CO 2 in low temperature range.The research results also suggested that higher concentration of O 2 and higher concentration of C 3 H 6 favored NO removal.The incorporation of Al into SBA-15 improved catalytic performance,which could be ascribed to the enhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO 4.Moreover,the catalysts could be easily reused and possessed good stability.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂中毒机理的试验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,是整个SCR系统脱硝效率和经济性的决定因素.本文工作的主要研究思路是以钒钛SCR催化剂为研究对象,研究了H2O和SO2,以及相同含量下K、Na、Ca、Pb的氧化物对钒钛催化剂NO转化率的影响.H2O的存在会抑制V2O5/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性,而SO2在一定程度上促进(V2O5/TiO2)催化剂的SCR脱硝反应,提高NO转化率;碱金属K对钒钛催化剂的钝化作用都是最强,K2O和Na2O的掺入会抑制钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力,而CaO和PbO的掺入对钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力影响较小.     

SO2对MnOx/PG催化剂低温脱硝的影响机理研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了锰氧化物负载凹凸棒石(MnO_x/PG)低温SCR催化剂,通过SO₂暂态响应、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)等实验技术研究了烟气中SO₂对催化剂SCR脱硝活性的影响行为.采用程序升温脱附(TPD)、BET比表面及孔径分布测定、XPS等表征技术对催化剂硫中毒的机理及化学本质进行了深入分析.结果表明,低温下烟气中SO₂对MnO_x/PG催化剂的SCR脱硝活性存在显著的抑制作用,催化剂中毒主要由烟气中SO₂的催化氧化引起.一方面SO₂氧化为SO₃后与NH₃及H₂O竞争反应形成复杂的硫酸铵盐堵塞催化剂孔道,另一方面与活性组分MnO₂结合形成MnSO₄使得部分活性组分形态发生变迁.其中硫酸铵盐的形成可通过适当的热处理得以去除,而MnSO₄则不可恢复,但催化剂SCR活性却显著增加,表明MnSO₄的形成不是催化剂失活的主要因素.吸附态的硫可显著增加催化剂表面酸性,因此对SCR活性有促进作用.催化剂失活主要机理为:由气相SO₂的连续氧化并与NH₃相结合形成硫酸铵盐,并且在低温下难以分解,以致堵塞催化剂活性中心.