低DO对活性污泥系统碳和氮去除影响的研究

考察了长期低溶解氧（DO）条件下推流式活性污泥系统碳和氮去除的效果,并从微生物群落结构及动力学特征方面进行了机理分析. 结果表明, 将DO浓度从2.0mg/L降低至0.3mg/L,系统仍可有效地去除污水中的碳和氮,但当DO降低至0.3mg/L时, 系统的脱氮性能波动较大. 随着DO浓度的降低, 系统中细菌的总体群落结构发生改变, 但功能菌群仍为Proteobacteria,约占65%.Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrobacter winogradskyi spp.和Group1Nitrospira等是低溶解氧条件下的主要硝化细菌. qPCR结果显示DO从2.0mg/L降至0.5mg/L时硝化细菌（主要是Nitrospira）得到富集, 保证了低DO条件下的完全硝化. 硝化反应动力学分析也表明, 在一定范围内降低DO可以延迟细菌衰亡以维持活性污泥系统中硝化细菌的生物量. 本研究可为污水处理厂降低DO实现节能运行提供理论支持.     

游离羟胺对两种典型亚硝态氮氧化菌活性的影响

为考察羟胺对两种典型亚硝态氮氧化菌(NOB)活性的影响,分别以富含硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)和富含硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)的污泥作为研究对象,基于批次试验,分别考察了相同pH、不同羟胺浓度梯度和相同羟胺浓度、不同pH梯度条件下,羟胺对两种NOB的抑制效果.结果表明在相同pH条件下,Nitrobacter的活性随羟胺浓度的升高而降低;在相同羟胺浓度(HA=5mg·L~(-1))条件下,羟胺在较高pH环境(pH≥7.5)中产生更多的游离羟胺(FHA),会对Nitrobacter产生更好的抑制效果,低pH环境(pH≤7)中离子态羟胺的存在可能会促进Nitrobacter的活性.羟胺对Nitrospira的抑制效果有限,当pH=7.5,羟胺浓度=45mg·L~(-1)时,Nitrospira的相对活性为82%.分别采用NOB生长速率动力学模型和非底物抑制线性方程描述FHA对Nitrobacter和Nitrospira活性的影响,其可决系数R~2分别为0.90和0.94,FHA可能是抑制Nitrobacter和Nitrospira活性的主要原因.     

低温下全自养脱氮颗粒污泥适应低基质效能

以室温培养的单级PN-ANAMMOX(PN/A)颗粒污泥为对象,基于颗粒污泥的全自养脱氮工艺,研究在低温条件下处理低浓度氨氮废水的脱氮效能及微生物群落结构.结果表明,在(15±1)℃条件下,维持氨氮负荷在1.29kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),进水氨氮质量浓度从70 mg·L~(-1)逐级降低至40 mg·L~(-1),溶解氧比剩余氨氮(DO/TAN)维持在0.22～0.25,总氮去除率可维持在(85±4)%,出水总氮平均质量浓度约为8.9 mg·L~(-1),运行期内无亚硝酸氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB)显著增殖,Nitrospira丰度小于1%.淘洗絮体污泥和控制低DO/TAN值可作为抑制NOB增殖的有效调控策略.全自养脱氮颗粒污泥在低温低基质条件下运行,颗粒粒径会变小,颜色由棕红色变为棕黄色.PS总量略有下降,PN/PS的比值稳定在2.5～3.浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在微生物系统中占主导,污泥中存在Candidatus_Kuenenia和Candidatus_Brocadia两种厌氧氨氧化菌属.     

温度对间歇曝气SBR短程硝化及硝化活性的影响

采用SBR反应器处理实际生活污水,单周期分别交替4次(30℃)和7次(18℃)好氧/缺氧模式,好氧/缺氧时间比为30min/30 min.进水氨氮和亚硝氮浓度为61.44 mg·L~(-1)和0.77 mg·L~(-1),分别运行61和90周期时,出水氨氮分别为0.68mg·L~(-1)和1.28 mg·L~(-1),氨氮去除率高达98.94%和99.57%;亚硝氮积累浓度达到20.57 mg·L~(-1)和20.18 mg·L~(-1),亚硝氮积累率分别达到95.92%和99.58%.在实现短程硝化过程中,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性逐渐增加最后稳定在100.00%左右,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性先增加后逐渐降低,分别在32和74周期时,AOB活性超过NOB活性,AOB成为优势菌种,61和90周期时NOB活性被完全抑制.     

高浓度游离氨冲击负荷对生物硝化的影响机制

工业废水厂或含工业废水较多的城市污水处理厂,在运行过程中可能会意外受到高浓度氨氮废水急性冲击负荷的影响,造成生物硝化反应受到抑制,出水不能稳定达标.为了指导实际污水处理厂应对游离氨(FA)急性冲击负荷造成的出水不达标问题,本文探究高浓度氨氮废水对污水生物硝化系统的影响机制.本文利用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)处理模拟高氨氮废水,通过监测氨氮最大比降解速率、硝酸盐氮最大比生成速率、亚硝化和硝化比耗氧速率,硝化菌丰度等指标,研究高浓度氨氮废水中FA对硝化菌活性的影响规律.结果表明,FA在低浓度范围内,增加FA急性负荷能够促进硝化活性,而当FA急性冲击负荷大于一定值时,会对硝化作用造成抑制;FA浓度越大,受到抑制的硝化生物活性所需要的恢复周期越长.利用荧光原位杂交分析技术,发现当进水FA浓度(以N计)从3.6 mg·L~(-1)升高到8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)菌群数量都略微升高,而当FA浓度大于8.1 mg·L~(-1)时,AOB和NOB菌群数量明显下降.FA对AOB和NOB菌群的临界抑制浓度分别为8.1 mg·L~(-1)和6.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB相对于AOB菌群更敏感.     

羟胺对氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的竞争性选择

有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)是实现稳定短程硝化的关键.使用运行方式为厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)的SBR反应器,探究羟胺(NH_2OH)对氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB的竞争性选择.在混合液NH_2OH浓度分别为3 mg·L~(-1)和5 mg·L~(-1)条件下采用不同处理频率观察短程硝化的启动情况.结果表明,每2个周期投加1次混合液浓度为5mg·L~(-1)的NH_2OH时,亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)在6 d内从0.1%增长到57.4%,并保持在(62.0±4. 6)%至实验结束;通过分析第6 d的典型周期中可以看出:好氧阶段结束时,氨氮浓度由26. 05 mg·L~(-1)降至8. 06 mg·L~(-1),同时生成9.02 mg·L~(-1)的亚硝态氮和6.70 mg·L~(-1)的硝态氮;AOB最大活性(rAOB)与NOB最大活性(rNOB)的比值从第1 d的1.05增长到第9 d的4.22;通过进一步qPCR分析可以看出:实验第9 d时, AOB与NOB丰度分别下降至处理前的30. 2%和19. 1%.因此,基于NH_2OH对AOB和NOB的竞争性选择有望为城市污水短程硝化的快速启动提供可能.     

溶解氧对悬浮与附着生长系统短程硝化反应的影响机制

溶解氧(DO)是控制短程硝化的重要因素,其对不同的生物处理系统有不同的影响.本文研究了DO对悬浮污泥及生物膜系统短程硝化效果的影响,并利用高通量测序技术分析了微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,对于悬浮污泥系统,当DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到0. 50 mg·L~(-1)时,氨氧化速率(AOR)从18. 08 mg·(L·h)-1升高至30. 27 mg·(L·h)-1;当曝气继续增加,DO达到3. 00 mg·L~(-1),仅运行14 d,进水氨氮(NH_4+-N)基本全部转化为硝酸盐氮(NO_3--N),且通过降低DO来恢复短程硝化效果需77 d,恢复过程缓慢.对于生物膜系统,DO由2. 50 mg·L~(-1)上升到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,AOR稳定在11. 50～13. 50mg·(L·h)-1,当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,80 d的运行结果显示,出水中氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2--N)的比值可长期稳定在1∶1. 2～1∶1. 7,基本满足ANAMMOX工艺进水要求.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,悬浮污泥系统在DO从0. 25 mg·L~(-1)增加到3. 00 mg·L~(-1)的过程中,主要氨氧化菌(AOB)菌属Nitrosomonas丰度由10. 07%增长至18. 64%.当DO为3. 00 mg·L~(-1)时,生物膜系统中Nitrosomonas菌属丰度与悬浮污泥系统相近为20. 43%,且生物膜系统富集了0. 78%的ANAMMOX菌属Candidatus_Kuenenia.综上,生物膜系统内DO的变化受曝气量影响较小,短程硝化效果受DO影响较小,短程硝化速率更稳定,更适合作为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的前处理单元.     

氨氮浓度对CANON工艺功能微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

为了研究CANON工艺在常温低氨氮基质条件下的宏观运行效能及微观生态系统,通过调节曝气量和水力停留时间(HRT)实现了CANON工艺在不同进水氨氮浓度下的稳定运行,并基于PCR-DGGE和荧光定量PCR方法,分析了氨氮浓度对反应器中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和厌氧氨氧化菌(ANAMMOX菌)群落结构及丰度的影响.结果表明,较高氨氮环境中总氮去除负荷在1.0 g·(L·d)-1以上,当氨氮浓度降至100 mg·L-1时,总氮去除负荷明显降低.进水氨氮浓度对AOB的群落结构有重要影响,而对ANAMMOX菌群落影响较小.AOB和ANAMMOX菌的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而减少,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的丰度随氨氮浓度的降低而增加,这可能是导致系统脱氮效果下降的主要原因.因此,需要通过一定的调控手段,减少AOB和ANAMMOX菌的损失,抑制NOB的生长,以便维持系统在低氨氮条件下的脱氮性能.     

外加微量N2H4下SBR中硝化微生物特性

运行实验室规模单级硝化序批式反应器(SBR),研究长期外加微量N_2H_4(约3 mg·L~(-1))对硝化污泥中功能微生物好氧氨氧化菌(AOB)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的影响.结果表明,外加微量N_2H_4的硝化污泥中,AOB主要属于亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcu)属和亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)属,另有少部分属于亚硝化螺旋菌(Nitrosospira)属,NOB属于硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)属.外加微量N_2H_4前后,AOB amoA基因拷贝数(以干污泥计)由1.0×10~9copies·g~(-1)减少为2.09×10~4copies·g~(-1),NOB nxrB基因拷贝数由1.28×10~7copies·g~(-1)减少为2.56×10~5copies·g~(-1).AOB对环境因素较NOB相比更为敏感,N_2H_4对硝化微生物的抑制与毒性作用使外加微量N_2H_4的硝化污泥中AOB流失幅度大于NOB,但定量PCR方法无法准确比较N_2H_4对AOB与NOB活性抑制的强弱.长期外加微量N_2H_4破坏硝化微生物活性,使反应器崩溃.因此在没有厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)消耗N_2H_4的亚硝化系统中,企图通过调控外加N_2H_4浓度水平抑制NOB活性,从而进一步洗脱NOB提高脱氮性能可能无法实现.     

羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统短程硝化的影响

针对人工快渗系统(CRI)总氮去除率低的问题,研究了羟胺抑制协同pH调控对人工快渗系统实现由全程硝化向短程硝化转化的可行性,探讨了其对系统内氮素污染物迁移转化和硝化功能菌空间分布及活性的影响.结果表明,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)羟胺连续添加13 d后可实现CRI系统短程硝化的快速启动,氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别为91.1%、77.9%,经16 d不添加羟胺运行后氨氮去除率、亚硝氮积累率分别降低3.9%、9.8%,此时调控进水pH至8.4,氨氮去除率和亚硝氮积累率均超过90%,CRI系统短程硝化效果显著且稳定性较高.羟胺对硝化菌具有选择性抑制,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的浓度分别为0.7、0.5 mmol·L~(-1),羟胺浓度为1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时AOB和NOB活性均被严重抑制且解抑较难;pH调控对短程硝化的影响主要与游离氨(FA)的抑制作用有关,对AOB和NOB产生明显抑制的FA浓度分别为26.5、5.6 mg·L~(-1),NOB比AOB对FA的敏感性更高.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.