四川呷村多金属矿床的垂向分带

呷村多金属矿床是典型的海相火山热液一喷气沉积块状硫化物矿床。它具明显的垂向分带性,自下而上依次为铅锌矿带、铜铅锌银矿带和重晶石矿带,类似于日本黑矿型矿床的黄矿带、黑矿带和重晶石矿带。下部矿石主要呈粒状结构,脉状、网脉状构造;上部矿石常呈胶状、草莓状结构,块状、条带状、层纹状构造.围岩蚀变在铅锌矿带及其下伏火山岩中非常发育,而在上部块状矿层中却十分微弱。按蚀变的种类和强度,矿区分五个蚀变带。cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au、S、Ba等元素含量在含矿带内有随层位升高而增大的变化规律。研究表明,成矿溶液的温度、物质成份、fO_2、pH值,以及围岩岩性等因素控制呷村矿床的垂向分带。     

桂北一洞-五地锡矿床地球化学特征及成因探讨

<正> 1 矿床地质背景一洞-五地锡矿床位于华南锡矿带中部,广西罗城宝坛地区;大地构造位置属于华南元古宙构造带江南古陆西南端雪峰隆起南缘褶皱系。矿区出露地层为元古界四堡群浅变质浅海-深海相复理石砂页岩建造,并混染有火山物质成分,同时伴有火山碎屑岩和基性超基性岩产出。与成矿关系密切的岩浆岩主要有蚀变辉长辉绿岩、辉绿岩等,并具多期活动特征。基性岩     

中国火山/火山岩景观地质公园展望

本文概略介绍了中国大陆4个火山(岩)为主题的世界地质公园和16个国家地质公园,以及中国香港和中国台湾的两个地质公园。文章还介绍了这些地质公园火山岩喷发时代、火山类型、大地构造环境和火山(岩)景观特征与分类。它们的喷发时代主要为更新世-全新世、中新世、始新世和白垩纪。四个时期的火山地质公园,在不同年代火山中均具代表性与典型性,为中国火山/火山岩研究提供了真实的材料。作者还针对火山地质公园建设现状提出加强科学研究与实施解说系统工程两条建议。     

扬子板块东北缘中元古代的大地构造划分

扬子板块东北缘存在四条主要的中元古代变质带,自南向北依次为江南变质带、沿江变质带、云台-张八岭变质带和连云港-泗阳变质带.它们分别为中元古代的古弧后盆地、火山岛弧、裂谷及弧前盆地,扬子板块东北缘中元古代为活动大陆边缘构造体系.苏(北)胶(南)变质造山带应解体,其中一部分属扬子大陆边缘体系.     

浙江拔茅破火山剥蚀程度的判别与古火山复原

形成于95－110Ma前的拔茅破火山至今已经历过明显的剥蚀、夷平和后期的构造改造。本义根据该破火山内岩相组合面貌、定位于其中的银矿成矿深度、围岩蚀变分带特征、成矿元素地球化学分带规律、矿脉中黄铁矿品体的标型特征、岩石剥蚀速率的估算等多种方法确定拔茅被火山已被剥离了约500m．属于一种小等偏低剥蚀程度的古火山。以此为依据，结合火山岩层序和岩相分布特征．对投茅破火山的形成过程及其原始形态进行了复原。此外．本文还根据东南沿海火山带的实际，将古火山分为浅剥蚀、中等剥蚀和深剥蚀三类，总结了判别不同剥蚀程度破火山的综合标志。     

斑岩铜矿化区的火山-深成岩组合的岩石特点

<正> 含有成矿斑岩侵入体的侵入杂岩在时间上和空间上都与在它们之前形成的火山岩建造有联系,与它们一起构成统一的火山-深成岩组合。从相应成矿省和矿区所处的大地构造位置角度考虑,分析含矿的火山-深成岩组合的岩石——岩石化学特点,对于预测成矿作用具有重大意义。     

弧后造山带的构造带模型

弧后造山带由岛弧、弧后盆地、洋壳残片．残余陆缘弧等四种大地构造环境中形成的构造带组成、各构造带彼此共生；在纵向上延伸较远．在横向上顺序排列．向大陆克拉通中心方向．依次出现IA带→BB带十OC带→CA带，笔者称之为弧后造山带的构造带模型。依据该模型．将复合型弧后造山带划分为前进式、后退式和交互式三种类型．其中前进式弧后造山带与克拉通的正向增生对应．后退式弧后造山带与克拉通的负向增生对应．交互式弧后造山带与两个克拉通相向增生有关．     

熔结火山碎屑岩熔结程度的鉴别

以火山门为源处的火山碎屑流堆积经冷凝固结所形成的岩石称为熔结火山碎屑岩，它具有熔结分带特征：下部为未熔结带，塑性碎屑组分未变形，由凝灰质岩石、沉凝灰岩、用砾凝灰岩、晶（玻）屑凝灰岩，火山泥球凝灰岩等组成；中部为馆结带，塑性碎屑组分发生了塑性变形，由熔给程度不同的熔结凝灰岩或馆结角砾岩等组成；上部为未熔结带，塑性碎屑组分未变形，由各种晶玻或玻品凝灰岩、浮岩屑玻屑凝灰岩等组成。过去曾用“烧结”、“焊结”、“熔结”来表示熔结火山碎屑岩的熔结程度，但在实际应用中感到困难。根据对长江中下游及浙、闽、粤、赣…     

东南沿海中生代安山岩的地质意义

在中国东部大陆边缘中生代火山岩带中 ,东南沿海火山岩岩性岩相出露最全 ,火山地质调查研究程度较高。以往的研究主要集中于大面积酸性火山岩和与之共生的玄武岩 ,而对安山岩注意不够。作为过渡性岩类 ,安山岩的成因研究对于探讨中生代火山岩带物质来源、岩浆分异演化、大地构造背景等具有不可替代的作用。近年来在东南沿海新生代玄武岩中陆续发现了一些基性麻粒岩包体 ,为研究底侵作用与壳幔作用过程提供了珍贵的实物材料。结合基性麻粒岩包体的研究 ,进行系统的安山岩成因研究 ,对于研究中生代火山岩带成因、进而探讨东部大陆边缘形成演化动力学过程 ,具有重要意义     

黔西南含砷热液金矿床Au、As矿化分离现象探讨

在黔西南含砷热液金矿床中，砷异常与金矿化具有明显的空间分带性。研究结果表明，导致金、砷空间分带的原因由Au、As矿化分离引起，并受控于Au、As各自的地球化学行为及热液体系的物理化学条件的改变。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.