混凝预处理及膜面流速控制对微滤膜污染的影响研究

为研究膜面流速和混凝预处理对微滤过程膜污染的综合影响,用旋流式膜混凝反应器进行了不同流量、入口管径、混凝剂投加量下的除浊试验。结果表明,直接微滤时,高膜面流速加剧了初期膜的孔堵污染,但抑制了滤饼层的累积,适于长期运行;在质量浓度为0~18 mg/L范围内增大聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量可显著抑制膜过滤阻力的增长;以速度梯度（G）表征絮体状态,由于絮体尺寸和错流的综合作用,投加混凝剂后,G在20~70 s-1范围内,414.64 s-1时微滤膜污染较轻。     

水体中Cr (Ⅵ)对不同混凝剂混凝过程的影响

研究了工业废水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同颗粒物浓度影响下对不同铝形态混凝剂的影响过程,通过考察浊度去除率以及出水余铝、余铬浓度甄别了混凝效率,并利用混凝过程中剩余p H值、Zeta电位以及絮体性质揭示水中Cr(Ⅵ)在不同浊度下的混凝机制.结果表明,在低浊度条件下,Cr(Ⅵ)对高聚合态Alb的混凝过程具有较大影响,而对低聚合态Ala无明显影响;在高浊度条件下,水中浊度较高时颗粒物会吸附部分Cr(Ⅵ)从而降低其与Alb之间的作用.Alb在混凝中主要发挥电中和作用,其对颗粒的脱稳和絮体的再生具有重要的作用,Ala水解形成的部分Alc在混凝中主要发挥架桥网捕作用,其对絮体的生产和强度因子具有重要作用.同时Cr(Ⅵ)的存在会增强Al13絮体的强度因子,但其消耗了部分正电荷会导致絮体恢复因子降低.     

磁混凝预处理小城镇混合污水的效能与混凝机制研究

针对某小城镇污水处理厂混合进水浓度高的问题,本研究探讨了磁混凝技术在典型小城镇混合污水处理厂提质增效与技术升级改造中的适用性,结果表明,优化的混凝条件为：pH=7,PAC和PAM投加量分别为600 mg·L^-1和4 mg·L^-1,慢搅速率为30 r·min^-1.三维荧光光谱耦合区域面积积分法（FRI）和平行因子法（PARAFAC）的分析结果表明,污水中溶解性有机物（DOM）以色氨酸类、酪氨酸类及富里酸类3种组分为主,内源性特征明显.磁种可显著提升混凝效果,优化的磁种投加量为400 mg·L^-1,浊度和COD去除率分别为99.7%和82%.在磁混凝过程中,磁种作为絮体形成的核心并促进絮体生长,可显著提升絮体的比重、密实度与沉降性能,进而强化固液分离效率,沉降时间缩短为1/6.同时,密实度的增加和微磁场的作用可进一步提升絮体颗粒间的结合力,强化水力冲击下混凝过程的稳定性.因此,与传统混凝工艺相比,磁混凝 技术在典型小城镇污水处理提质增效中具有较高的应用潜能.     

混凝过程中絮体形貌的PIV成像观测与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器内的混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,内筒转速在20～60r/min范围内,生成的絮体颗粒较大,粒径分布均匀,絮凝沉淀效果最好.由于内筒旋转速度的变化直接导致混凝流场形态的变化,所以混凝过程中流场形态的变化对絮体生长过程有重要影响,进而直接影响到混凝效果.混凝过程中流场的周期性变化、涡间存在液体传递的波状涡结构有利于絮体颗粒的结合生长,并导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也说明PIV技术能够在测量流场的同时较好地反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的原位观测与表征.     

混凝和强化混凝对印染废水中锑(Ⅴ)的去除特性

印染废水中锑的排放标准日趋严格,是印染废水处理面临的新挑战.以混凝和强化混凝去除印染废水中锑(Ⅴ)为目标,发现聚硫酸铁(PFS)混凝剂对印染废水中锑(Ⅴ)的去除效率显著优于铁铝复配混凝剂和铝盐混凝剂,去除效率达97.4%,出水锑(Ⅴ)浓度可达4μg·L~(-1).酸性条件(低水解度)有利于PFS生成Fe(a)活性组分和静电吸引、锑(Ⅴ)迁移,且絮体颗粒较小,促进PFS混凝除锑(Ⅴ)效率;酸性条件下PFS除锑(Ⅴ)效率是中性条件的1.27倍,处理出水中锑(Ⅴ)浓度仅为中性条件的33.3%.PFS投加量与除锑(Ⅴ)效率符合反比例模型.在较高锑(Ⅴ)浓度下,提升PFS投加量可提高除锑(Ⅴ)效率,但在较低锑(Ⅴ)浓度下,提升PFS投加量对除锑(Ⅴ)效率的促进较小.PFS絮体回流与混凝沉淀串联或耦合可显著提升印染废水中锑(Ⅴ)的去除效率,其除锑(Ⅴ)效率分别是单一PFS混凝沉淀的1.14倍和1.32倍,可有效降低出水锑(Ⅴ)浓度并节约PFS投加量和减少污泥生成量.其中混凝-絮体回流耦合工艺中,最佳絮体回流比例为100%.     

铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟的促进作用及机理分析

以铜绿微囊藻、氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为研究对象,通过三维荧光、场发射扫描电镜等表征,探究了藻类对氟化物混凝去除机制的影响.结果表明,在pH值为7.0,8.0,9.0,Al投加量在20.0~80.0mg/L的条件下,铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟有明显的促进作用,其促进作用主要在于藻絮体对氟的表面吸附.铜绿微囊藻与氯化铝水解产物通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,聚集成较大较多的絮体.絮体粒径越大,除氟率越高.pH值为7.0,Al投加量为40.0mg/L时,絮体粒径达到最大值500μm,此时氟去除率最高,为77.37%;当Al投加量为80.0mg/L时,藻细胞破损严重,有机物过多释放,对混凝除氟起阻碍作用.絮体破碎吸附实验结果表明,对絮体进行一定强度破碎可以增加吸附位点,从而提高氟的去除率;但破碎强度过大,絮体粒径过小,对氟的吸附效率亦会降低.     

絮体老化与调节对回流进水及混凝的影响机制

为探索絮体老化与pH值调节对回流进水颗粒组成及混凝的影响,采用激光粒度仪进行了絮体粒径分析并通过Al （OH）₃胶体（Al-gel）的老化实验探究了老化与pH值调节对絮体形态及性质的内在影响机制.结果表明,原水颗粒物粒径呈现单峰分布,絮体回流进水颗粒物粒径呈现双峰分布,并且回流进水颗粒d₅₀随着絮体老化时间的增加而减小;由于絮体回流提高了颗粒物与混凝剂接触机率和碰撞效率,因此加快了絮体的生长;絮体在pH=5的环境下老化12h后进行回流混凝的絮体粒径生长速率最高（1.16 μm/s）并且生成的絮体具有较大的分形维数（2.35）.Al-gel的老化实验结果表明,絮体老化过程会涉及羟桥反应和结晶反应并导致絮体的表面活性基团数量减少,从而不利于与原水颗粒物的相互作用.pH值调节对絮体产生不同的影响,pH=5的条件下进行老化会加速絮体的羟桥反应和结晶反应,而pH=9的条件下进行老化则会涉及溶解-沉淀-结晶反应.     

混凝过程中微絮体形貌的AFM液池成像观测与表征

采用扫描探针显微镜液池成像技术,对混凝过程中絮体的微观形貌进行了观测与表征.结果表明,原子力显微镜液池成像技术可以对混凝过程中的微絮体进行形貌表征和数字描述,并证实在实际印染工业尾水的微絮凝过滤试验处理过程中,微絮凝时间为2min,搅拌强度为100s-1时可以达到优化的处理效果.这也说明液池成像技术能够较好的反映混凝过程中微絮体的形貌变化特征,从而实现对环境微观界面过程的原位观测与表征.     

混凝机理物理模型中混合剪切阶段的研究

在总结絮凝剪切理论和实验研究的基础上,从亚微观的角度上,提出了混凝过程的物理模型,该模型从理论上强调了絮凝剪切碰撞的有效性和结合了分形维数评价混凝效果及过程。该模型指出:只有胶体颗粒与充分分散的药剂充分接触,才有可能充分地形成微絮体,也才有可能充分地或高效地(短时间内)形成大絮体。也就是说充分地混合剪切,才有高质量的凝聚,才可能有高效地絮凝。我们强调这种混合剪切是指在一定的流体力作用下颗粒与药剂的充分分散和接触。无机絮凝剂从添加到分散,到与颗粒发生接触作用,到脱稳颗粒形成微絮体乃至以后的大絮体,它在一定的弱搅拌强度下需要一定的时间;添加有机絮凝剂时则需要较强的搅拌强度。试验也证明:在上述条件下,其混凝沉降效果大大优于传统的混凝沉降效果。     

基于Zeta电位的硅藻土复配剂强化混凝研究

采用硅藻土与传统无机絮凝剂复配处理模拟生活污水,考察硅藻土复配剂强化混凝过程中絮体Zeta电位的变化,以及浊度和COD的去除情况,研究絮体Zeta电位与强化混凝效果的关系。实验结果表明,絮体的Zeta电位与复配剂的强化混凝效果密切相关,可用于反映硅藻土复配剂的混凝处理效果。研究发现,氯化铝复配剂强化混凝时絮体Zeta电位在加药后迅速上升,25min后趋于稳定;絮体Zeta电位在pH值等于7时接近等电点,此时浊度与COD去除率最高,分别达到99.05%和45.77%;用硅藻土复配剂强化混凝时Zeta电位的控制值为-9.0～0mV之间,不同无机絮凝剂与硅藻土复配混凝时获得较好混凝效果的Zeta电位控制值略有差异。     

多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床光催化降解双酚A

悬浮浆态光催化反应体系具有固-液接触面积大、过程效率高和处理量较大的优点,但存在浆态体系中纳米催化剂难于分离回收的问题,为解决这一难题,提出了在废水污染物光催化降解过程中使用易于沉降分离的微米级颗粒光催化荆,并与新设计的多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床相结合组成的光催化反应体系.以微米级颗粒Gd-TiO2为光催化剂,...     

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征

基于流态化作用的吸附反应动力学和穿透特征研究还鲜见报道.以苯酚为吸附质、活性炭为吸附剂,探讨了不同流态化紊流强度对基于流态化作用的吸附效率、吸附动力学特性、吸附反应穿透曲线和饱和吸附量的影响,并与相同条件的固定床吸附反应器进行了对比研究.结果表明,表观流速为8 mm·s-1和13 mm·s-1时,基于流态化和固定态的活性炭在5 min内的吸附效率均达到93%以上,吸附反应均符合经典二级动力学方程,且其相关系数大于0.999.穿透实验结果表明,表观流速为6 mm·s-1和8 mm·s-1时,基于流态化的活性炭对苯酚的吸附总量分别较固定态高8.77 mg·g-1和24.70 mg·g-1.可见,基于流态化吸附反应器与基于固定态吸附反应器相比,具有吸附反应效率高,吸附总量大的特征.     

Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A using an integrated system of a new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed reactor and micrometer Gd-doped TiO2 particles

A new gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed photocatalytic reactor (GLSCFBPR) with internally placed multi-layered UV lamps was developed. Micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles and commercial nanometer P25-TiO₂ were chosen as the photocatalysts, and the hazardous substance bisphenol A (BPA) was chosen as the model pollutant to investigate the performance of this new photocatalytic system. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the micrometer Gd-TiO₂ particles was similar to that of the nanometer P-25 particles at their respective optimum dosage but the former could be easily separated out by gravity. After investigating the effects of process parameters on the photocatalytic BPA degradation, the response surface method (RSM) was further used for process optimization. The interactions among process parameters, i.e., TiO₂ concentration, superficial gas velocity and superficial liquid velocity were discovered and a related analysis was carried out to explore the underlying mechanism. A quadratic mathematic model was established and performed satisfactorily when used for prediction. The optimum conditions for this new process were as follows: TiO₂ concentration 4.5 g/L, superficial gas velocity 7.83 × 10^-3 m/sec and superficial liquid velocity 8.65 × 10^-3 m/sec.     

异波折板流场模拟分析与结构优化

基于FLUENT技术,以连续方程、Navier-Stokes方程及k-epsilon湍流方程作为流动基本控制方程,对异波折板絮凝反应流场进行了数值模拟,并通过网格独立性检验,保证了模拟结果的真实性.以流场速度分布、紊动动能、有效能耗作为评价标准,根据数值模拟提出了不同絮凝段的最优折板单元组合.结果表明,夹角90°的短折...     

Taylor-Couette流场数值模拟及絮凝效果研究

通过流体力学中的Fluent软件模拟了Taylor-Couette反应器的速度矢量分布、湍动动能分布和有效能耗分布,同时实验研究了TaylorCouette反应器不同内筒转速下三氯化铁对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝效能.结果表明,内外筒环隙间存在亚微尺度的涡旋,当转速为30～60 r·min-时,涡旋形状闭合完整,相互分离,涡旋内部速度梯度较小,湍动动能k在0.00010 ～0.00023 m2·s-2的范围内,有效能耗ε在0.00057 ～0.00189 m2·s-3的范围内,絮凝效能达到最大(80％以上),湍动动能和有效能耗过大或过小均不利于形成完整闭合的涡旋,絮凝效能较差.     

复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1的絮凝作用机理研究

采取PAC+絮凝剂的复配方式开展高岭土悬浊液烧杯实验,考察了复合生物絮凝剂CBF-1、CBF-1溶解物及微生物絮凝剂MBF8的絮凝特性,并借助iPDA仪分析和扫描电镜、光学显微镜观察等手段,比较分析了絮凝过程及絮体特性的差异.结果表明,各复配絮凝的浊度去除效果排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,CBF-1投加量1 mg·L-1时,浊度去除率可达到97.5％;絮体强度排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8,絮体恢复因子排序为MBF8＞CBF-1溶解物＞CBF-1,絮体大小排序为CBF-1＞ CBF-1溶解物＞MBF8.单独投加PAC或投加PAC+MBF8的情况下,形成的絮体形态相对规整、密实;投加PAC+ CBF-1溶解物或投加PAC+ CBF-1形成的絮体则相对无序、疏松,CBF-1作用下絮体大、沉降快.CBF-1中高电荷MBF8组分及大分子羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基多聚糖等组分具有强的电荷中和与桥联协同增效作用;CBF-1还含有纤维素、木质素等大分子量且带多种官能团的不溶性组分,在桥联和吸附过程中也起着重要作用.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

混凝过程中流场结构的PIV测量与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)在不投加专用示踪粒子的条件下,以混凝絮体为示踪粒子,对Taylor-Couette反应器内的絮凝反应流场进行测量与表征.结果表明,内筒旋转雷诺数Re在900~2900时,流场中产生的涡具有相似的特殊波状涡结构,相邻涡旋形态大小发生周期性变化,涡间存在主流液体的移动,这种涡结构有利于絮体结合生长成较大的絮体颗粒,便于沉降而导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也证实PIV技术能够在进行混凝反应的同时,用混凝过程中的微絮体为示踪粒子对混凝过程进行流场测量,不必再额外添加示踪粒子,就能较好地反映混凝过程中涡旋的形态变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的同步测量与表征.     

Particle size distribution and removal in the chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

Particle size distribution and removal by a chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation （CBF） process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment （CEPT） process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.