好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷的常温启动和低温维持

为了考察好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)同步脱氮除磷(simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal,SNPR)能力,以及在低温条件下的适应情况,采用2个SBR反应器(命名为A、B)以厌氧/好氧方式处理实际生活污水,历时254 d.反应器以沉淀时间为选择压,均在20 d内培养获得AGS,在第42 d加入不同附加碳源(分别为丙酸钠+乙酸钠和葡萄糖),调节COD∶N∶P的比例约为360∶60∶6,2个反应器均获得了夏秋季4个月长期稳定的SNPR效果,A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为98.42%、74.25%和94.79%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为99.45%、75.96%和95.60%;在低温的影响下,2个反应器分别经35 d4、9 d逐渐恢复了稳定的SNPR效果,之后A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为96.33%、79.49%和99.68%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率则分别为93.85%、76.44%和98.44%....     

Enhanced biological nutrient removal by the alliance of a heterotrophic nitrifying strain with a nitrogen removing ecosystem

Nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater was investigated in an airlift bioreactor （ALB）, augmented with a novel heterotrophic nitrifier Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9^T under organic carbon to nitrogen ratios （Corg/N） ranging from 0 to 12. Effect of the inoculated strain was also determined on the settling properties and the removal of chemical oxygen demand （COD）. Two laboratory scale reactors were set up to achieve a stable nitrifying state under the same physicochemical conditions of hydraulic retention time （HRT）, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen （DO）, and operated under the sequencing batch mode. The level of DO was kept at 0.5- 1.5 mg/L by periodic stirring and aeration. Each specific Corg/N ratio was continued for duration of 3 weeks. One of the reactors （BR2） was inoculated with P ammonioxydans H9^T periodically at the start of each Corg/N ratio. Sludge volumetric index （SVI） improved with the increasing Corg/N ratio, but no significant difference was detected between the two reactors. BR2 showed higher levels of nitrogen removal with the increasing heterotrophic conditions, and the ammonia removal reached to the level of 82%-88%, up to10% higher than that in the control reactor （BR1） at Corg/N ratios higher than 6; however, the ammonia removal level in experimental reactor was up to 8% lower than that in control reactor at Corg/N ratios lower than 2. The COD removal efficiency progressively increased with the increasing Corg/N ratios in both of the reactors. The COD removal percentage up to peak values of 88%-94% in BR2, up to 11% higher than that in BR1 at Corg/N ratio higher than 4. The peak values of ammonia and COD removal almost coincided with the highest number （18%-27% to total bacterial number） of the exogenous bacterium in the BR2, detected as colony forming units （CFU）. Furthermore, the removal of ammonia and COD in BR2 was closely related to the number of the inoculated strain with a coefficient index （R2） up to 0.82 and 0.85 for ammonia and     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株GNR选育及对猪场废水脱氮实验

从养猪场废水中分离获得1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,编号为GNR,经形态学及系统发育鉴定,确定为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）的新菌株。通过条件优化实验获得菌株GNR的异养硝化和好氧反硝化的最佳碳源均为柠檬酸三钠,最佳C/N均为10:1,最佳初始pH分别为8.0和6.0。在最优条件下,初始NH₄+-N和NO₃--N浓度均为50.0 mg/L,30 ℃、125 r/min培养72 h后,硝化和反硝化效率均达到99.0%。菌株GNR在最适宜条件下,对稀释后的实际养猪场废水的COD和NH₄+-N去除量最高可达129,73 mg/（L·g）,具有良好的污水脱氮潜在应用潜力。     

连续流态下以实际低基质生活污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其脱氮性能

研究了连续流系统污泥颗粒化过程中COD、氨氮和TN的去除效果以及成熟好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质和脱氮动力学.结果表明40 d内连续流系统内能形成好氧颗粒污泥.随着颗粒化程度的提高,系统脱氮除碳性能有所增加;第41~60 d稳定运行期间,系统对COD、氨氮和TN的平均去除率分别到达到85.54%、95.5%和65.56%,且反应过程中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累不高.成熟颗粒污泥有较多的空隙结构,含有大量的胞外聚合物,相比于接种絮状污泥,其含水率、湿密度、沉降速度、机械强度、SVI值等都体现出了明显的优势.成熟好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化效率为81.69%,硝化速率(以NH+4-N计)和反硝化速率(以NO-x-N计)分别为5.78 mg·(L·h)-1和4.90 mg·(L·h)-1.     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater and bacterial diversity in activated sludge at different COD/N ratios and dissolved oxygen concentrations

The impact of the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N) in wastewater and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency, and total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge in constantly aerated sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was determined. At DO of 0.5 and 1.5 mg O₂/L during the aeration phase, the efficiency of ammonia oxidation exceeded 90%, with nitrates as the main product. Nitrification and denitrification achieved under the same operating conditions suggested the simultaneous course of these processes. The most effective nitrogen elimination (above 50%) was obtained at the COD/N ratio of 6.8 and DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. Total bacterial diversity was similar in all experimental series, however, for both COD/N ratios of 6.8 and 0.7, higher values were observed at DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. The diversity and abundance of AOB were higher in the reactors with the COD/N ratio of 0.7 in comparison with the reactors with the COD/N of 6.8. For both COD/N ratios applied, the AOB population was not affected by oxygen concentration. Amplicons with sequences indicating membership of the genus Nitrosospira were the determinants of variable technological conditions.     

碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响的试验研究

分别研究了无机碳源和有机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮性能的影响。接种稳定运行的复合式UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器污泥至ASBR反应器进行批式试验,考察不同碳酸氢钠浓度及COD浓度条件下的氮素转化情况,研究碳源对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响。厌氧氨氧化反应适宜的进水碳酸氢钠浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,超过30 mg/L时有机碳源的存在对厌氧氨氧化反应产生抑制作用,COD浓度超过60 mg/L时反应器表现出反硝化特性。无机碳源对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响表现在提供充足碳源和调节反应器pH的综合作用,较高浓度的COD对厌氧氨氧化反应具有抑制作用。     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥脱氮特性研究

以颗粒污泥为研究对象,在序批式反应器中研究了不同运行模式(有厌氧段和无厌氧段两种模式)和不同碳氮比(COD与NH₄⁺-N质量比取6、10、14)下,颗粒污泥对氨氮、总无机氮的去除情况.比较了2种运行模式应用于颗粒污泥脱氮中的差别和优劣.采用分段函数的方法对不同碳氮比下的氨氮去除曲线进行了分割,对曝气第一阶段(碳源富足阶段)和曝气第二阶段(碳源贫乏阶段)的氨氮去除曲线进行了拟合,发现其线性化特征明显.计算了不同碳氮比下曝气前后期氨氮去除速率,并简要分析了好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的作用机理.     

厌氧推流进水对反硝化除磷好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

实际生活污水成分复杂,且碳氮比较低,而厌氧推流进水可以通过提供局部高底物浓度来加强好氧颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用.实验采用间歇曝气的方式在序批式反应器（SBR）中培养好氧颗粒污泥,以实际生活污水为进水,接种污水厂污泥.R1采用厌氧快速进水,R2采用厌氧推流进水,探究不同进水模式对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响.结果表明,快速厌氧进水条件下,R1中更早出现颗粒结构,但在运行71 d时出现颗粒破裂的现象;应用厌氧推流进水模式的R2生成的颗粒结构较R1的更为致密,颗粒表面更加光滑,且反硝化聚磷菌（DPAO）的富集效果更好.最终R1和R2反应器内DPAO占聚磷菌（PAO）的比例分别为14.17%和22.07%.结果表明,厌氧推流进水模式能够加强颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用,有利于富集DPAO,生成结构更加致密稳定的颗粒,实现"一碳两用",获得更好的脱氮除磷效果.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

同步脱氮除磷好氧颗粒污泥培养过程微生物群落变化

本实验利用生活污水培养具有同步脱氮除磷(simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal,SNPR)功能的好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS).采用Illumina Mi Seq PE300高通量测序对AGS培养过程中细菌群落变化进行了研究,以期揭示污泥好氧颗粒化成因.采用实时荧光定量PCR对AGS培养过程中氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)、亚硝酸盐氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,NOB)和聚磷菌(polyphosphate accumulating organisms,PAOs)的丰度变化进行了研究.结果表明:历时100 d培养出的AGS质地紧实,具有良好的SNPR效果.AGS胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中多糖含量在培养过程中增加明显,而蛋白质含量保持稳定.AGS培养过程中,AOB的丰度略微下降,AOA的丰度明显下降,NOB的丰度无明显变化,而PAOs的丰度在AGS培养初期明显增加.在AGS培养过程中,细菌群落多样性呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且细菌群落组成发生了明显的变化.持久型OTUs占样品总序列数的92.70%,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria,31.07%~53.67%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,6.70%~16.50%)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,7.84%~13.36%)是AGS培养过程中的细菌优势门.Candidatus competibacter属在AGS培养过程中大量富集(由种泥中的0.11%增加到35.33%),其可能会分泌胞外多糖,形成黏性EPS,促进絮状污泥团聚成为AGS.     

悬浮填料与好氧颗粒污泥脱氮对比试验研究

常温连续流条件下,分别在两个反应器中投加悬浮填料和接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过控制工艺条件,两个反应器中均实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND)。改变进水溶解氧DO浓度、碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷和NH4+-N负荷,分析比较了两个反应器脱氮的重要工艺条件。试验结果表明,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮填料脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.0mg/L左右,最佳C/N为12;好氧颗粒污泥脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.5mg/L,最佳C/N为5。提高进水有机负荷,两个反应器COD去除率均稳定在较高的水平。NH4+-N浓度升高时,反应器脱氮效率均降低,好氧颗粒污泥比悬浮填料更耐冲击负荷。     

焦化废水生物流化床系统脱氮中试研究

以厌氧流化床、缺氧流化床作生物反应器 ,聚合物多孔高分子颗粒作微生物固定化载体 ,采用厌氧 缺氧 好氧工艺进行了焦化废水处理中试研究。结果表明 :当系统稳定运行时 ,进水NH3 N、CODCr、酚平均浓度为 5 39 5mg L、14 88mg L、2 4 7 7mg L时 ,出水NH3 N、CODCr酚平均浓度分别为 14 3mg L、2 5 2 4mg L、0 2mg L ;厌氧流化床、缺氧流化床反应器中存在厌氧氨氧化反应 ,在这 2个阶段NH3 N分别去除 9 8%和 3 3%。该生物流化床系统脱氮技术对现有焦化废水活性污泥法处理系统的改造具有指导意义     

响应面法优化解体好氧颗粒污泥的修复方式

通过小试实验,探究提高氨氮、COD浓度、水力剪切力以及投加活性污泥和活性炭粉末对解体好氧颗粒污泥的修复效果,得出进水COD浓度以及投加活性污泥和活性炭对颗粒修复影响较大但单一修复方式效果不理想,进而针对这3个因素,采用响应面法得出其最优耦合修复工况（进水COD、投加活性炭和活性污泥质量浓度分别340mg/L、4.64g/L和2900mg/L）.经过17d运行,解体AGS得到良好修复并通过扫描电镜（SEM）对其形态进行观察,可知修复后AGS表面以丝状菌为主,孔隙、裂痕大幅减少,污泥以活性炭为晶核形成新的AGS并且颗粒修复后粒径由（0.89±0.5） mm快速增加到了（2.19±0.4） mm,氨氧化速率（以LVSS记）由2.49mg/（g·h）提高到3.18mg/（g·h）,由此验证了这种耦合修复方式对解体AGS具有高效且快速的修复作用.     

丝状菌对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响

通过在SBR中分别接种85%的絮状活性污泥和15%的丝状菌,采用以葡萄糖为碳源配制的人工模拟进水,研究丝状菌对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响。结果在15 d内培养出理化性能良好的好氧颗粒污泥,表明丝状菌能够加快好氧颗粒污泥的形成。反应器运行期间,COD、NH4+-N、总氮和总磷的平均去除率分别为80.0%、86.9%、70.0%和42.5%,且出水水质稳定,表明好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的除污效果。     

不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性和灰色关联度分析

为探索好氧颗粒污泥形成机理,开展了不同培养方式下絮状污泥颗粒化特性研究.选取3种培养方式:人工配水培养、海藻酸钠强化培养和农村模拟污水培养,利用灰色关联分析法,对比3种不同培养方式下,污泥颗粒化过程中各影响因素灰色关联度系数,筛选好氧颗粒污泥培养的关键因素.研究发现,人工配水培养方式下经过40 d成功出现好氧颗粒污泥,投加海藻酸钠强化培养方式下经过20 d出现好氧颗粒污泥,农村模拟污水经过55 d培养出好氧颗粒污泥.3种培养方式下出现的好氧颗粒污泥均具有密实的结构和较好的沉降性能,同时可实现对污染物的高效去除.利用数据处理系统(Data Processing System,DPS)对各影响因素的灰色关联度进行分析,发现不同培养方式下污泥颗粒化过程中起主导作用的影响因素并非唯一,水力停留时间和胞外聚合物在各培养方式中均具有较高的关联度系数,对好氧颗粒污泥的形成具有关键作用.     

一株高效异养硝化菌的分离、鉴定及其氨氮去除特性

以丁二酸钠为唯一C源,从垃圾渗滤液活性污泥中富集、分离及筛选出一株高效的异养硝化菌,通过形态观察、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,对分离菌株进行了鉴定,同时对其硝化功能和氨氮去除特性进行了研究.结果表明,分离到的异养硝化菌为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),命名为XS76,其GenBank登录号为(JQ934897).该菌经过24h培养,有约60%的氨氮转化为胞内氮,35%左右的氨氮被去除,仅有少量硝酸盐氮的积累,没有羟胺和亚硝酸盐氮的积累.碳源、有机氮源、C/N比、温度等因素均对氨氮去除有较大的影响,在接种量为4%、丁二酸钠为碳源、硫酸铵为氮源、C/N 15、转速180~200r/min、pH 6~9及温度为34℃,氨氮负荷为420 mg/L时处理效果最佳, 96 h氨氮去除率可达99.20%.显示了高效的氨氮去除效果,具有潜在的实际废水应用价值.     

低温低C/N比复合A~2/O启动实验研究

研究了低温低碳氮比条件下好氧段添加AquaMat(s阿科蔓)的A2/O工艺的挂膜启动实验。结果表明:在环境温度为10¹2℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在212℃,C/N为3.5左右的条件下,当系统HRT为10 h,SRT为15 d,污泥回流比为100%,硝化液回流比为200%,好氧段DO在2³ mg/L,初始MLSS为4 000 mg/L时,好氧段阿科蔓经30 d左右挂膜成功。系统对COD,氨氮,总氮的去除率分别达到90%、97%、60%。对总磷的去除率低且不稳定。实验研究了挂膜过程中COD、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮、总磷、ORP、MLSS及微生物相的变化规律并分析了变化原因。     

重金属对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,以序批式污泥反应器为反应装置,考察了重金属离子锌、铜和铅对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性及去除有机物、氨氮的影响.结果表明,在温度为25℃,pH值为7时,成功实现了好氧颗粒污泥的培养.重金属的加入使得污泥颗粒变小,在重金属离子浓度2～50mg/L范围内,三种金属离子锌、铜和铅对COD的去除率...     

水解酸化对好氧颗粒污泥形成及脱氮除磷的影响

为研究水解酸化对AGS（好氧颗粒污泥）的形成及其脱氮除磷效果的影响,分别采用R1+R2两段式[HUSB（升流式水解酸化池）-SBR]和R3一段式（SBR）方式培养AGS,研究了不同基质下形成的AGS的脱氮除磷效果,并通过高通量测序对水解酸化污泥（R1）和R2、R3运行初期（12 d）与运行后期（97 d）的AGS微生物群落结构进行解析.结果表明,当进水基质为葡萄糖时,R1+R2两段式和R3一段式都能够成功地培养出颗粒致密、沉降性能好的AGS.接种活性污泥后的第13天R2反应器中形成粒径为>1.0~1.6 mm的颗粒污泥,而R3反应器仍以絮状污泥为主;颗粒污泥成熟后,R2中AGS的粒径增长至1.0~2.0 mm间,R3的粒径主要分布在>1.0~1.6 mm间.两种颗粒污泥对COD_Cr和NH₃-N均有很好的去除效果,去除率均接近100%.R2对TN和TP的去除率分别为88.5%和72.8%,明显高于R3（67.2%和60.1%）;R2出水ρ（TN）最低可达3 mg/L,ρ（TP）可达1.1 mg/L.高通量测序结果表明,Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes门始终是主要菌种;随着好氧颗粒污泥的成熟,R2和R3的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著增加;R2中成熟后AGS的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高（5.40）,表现出良好的生物多样性和系统稳定性.研究表明,水解酸化为AGS的形成提供了关键基质,促进了好氧污泥颗粒化,培养出的AGS运行稳定,脱氮除磷效果好,微生物种群丰富.