溶解氧对低碳源城市污水处理系统脱氮性能与微生物群落的影响

为了阐明溶解氧对低碳源城市污水处理系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,研究了供氧区溶解氧浓度分别为2~3、1~2和低于1mg·L^-1的运行条件下微生物应对低碳源环境生长与代谢特性的差异.随着供氧区溶解氧浓度的降低利用外碳源和内碳源脱氮量分别升高了20.23%和80.54%,内碳源的除磷利用效率升高了13.89%,进而使低碳源城市污水的脱氮除磷效果得到强化.高通量测序和RDA分析结果表明,降低供氧区溶解氧浓度驱动微生物群落结构的调整,促使脱氮除磷功能微生物（如：Dechloromonas菌属）的丰度显著增加.基于PICRUSt预测分析可知,在低溶解氧浓度的运行环境中微生物与基质利用、能量合成和代谢调控功能相关的基因活性更高,保证了功能微生物在低碳源条件下稳定生长并维持较高的脱氮除磷效率.本研究为提升低碳源城市污水处理系统中脱氮除磷功能微生物的生长提供理论依据.     

EGSB-CANON工艺启动及动力学特性

采用EGSB（Expanded Granular Sludge Bed）反应器,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中通过改变曝气方式以及优化曝气/非曝气逐步实现CANON工艺的稳定运行.通过研究不同曝气/非曝气条件下CANON工艺的脱氮性能的变化,探究系统内不同污泥粒径中功能菌的活性,揭示EGSB反应器不同的运行条件以及系统内不同粒径的微生物聚集体在CANON工艺启动过程中的影响机制与菌群结构特性.结果表明,当恒定曝气量为0.5L/min,曝气/非曝气为2：1（60min：30min）时,实现了AerAOB（Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria）与AnAOB（Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidation Bacteria）协同脱氮的目的,并成功将NOB（Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria）的活性由3.41mgN/（h·gVSS）抑制到0.75mgN/（h·gVSS）.在对AnAOB的双底物（NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N）抑制动力学结果进行Haldane拟合时,得到NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的半饱和常数（k_s）、抑制动力学常数（k_h）分别为106.8,331.9mg/L,272.4,66.61mg/L,相关性系数（R²）分别为0.98133和0.99142.在CANON污泥颗粒化形成过程中,污泥粒径在0.154~0.335mm范围内主要以AerAOB为主,污泥粒径在1mm以上主要以AnAOB为主.不同粒径下微生物聚集体的协同作用以及稳定的群落结构实现了CANON工艺的稳定运行.     

缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺曝气量在线控制策略分析

曝气控制是生物脱氮工艺重要的控制变最,它决定着整个处理系统的处理效果和运行费用.应用Benchmark-BSM1平台模型对缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺几种典型的曝气控制策略进行了研究,结果表明,前馈-反馈曝气量控制最优,其次为反馈控制、恒DO控制和恒曝气量控制.前馈-反馈控制和恒DO控制相比较,出水氨氮浓度大约降低24%,最大出水氨氮浓度降低18%,曝气能耗降低9%,获得了曝气量最优控制方法以及在不同运行条件下应采用的曝气控制策略,为了实现缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺硝化反应的最优控制,应同时控制曝气量和好氧区体积.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

ANAMMOX富集与优化停曝比对MBR-SNAD工艺的影响

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）研究了厌氧氨氧化细菌在富集过程中的活性变化,在启动全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺中以恒定曝气量,通过优化停曝比实现氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）协同脱氮并且有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的活性,然后添加有机物（乙酸钠）逐步启动同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化（SNAD）工艺.结果表明,在厌氧氨氧化细菌富集过程中,通过不断缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高进水氮负荷的方式强化厌氧氨氧化细菌活性,其平均活性由0.603mgN/（h·gVSS）提高到了8.1mgN/（h·gVSS）;当恒定曝气量为50mL/min,停曝比为4：10（min：min）时,AerAOB和AnAOB对氨氮的去除量分别占总氨氮去除量的58.8%和41.2%,NOB氧化亚硝态氮的量占总硝态氮生成量的15.3%,成功抑制了NOB的活性;当C/N比为0.5,调整停曝比为4：15后,反硝化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的20.9%,厌氧氨氧化过程氮去除量占总氮去除率的79.1%,实现了AerAOB、AnAOB和反硝化细菌（DNB）协同脱氮的目的.     

间歇曝气MBR处理低碳高氮磷城市生活污水研究

采用间歇曝气膜生物反应器对低碳高氮磷型城市生活污水进行了处理研究.结果表明,在水力停留时间12h、曝气/停曝周期30min/60min和不排泥的运行条件下,可去除90%以上的COD、接近100%的氨氮和80%以上的总氮,但系统对磷基本无去除能力.系统内硝化作用完成得快速且充分,而反硝化作用则是总氮去除的限制性步骤.试验还发现,膜污染速率与反应器内污泥浓度呈正线性关系,污泥浓度越高,膜污染速率越大.     

A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中试(三)短程硝化过程控制的研究

应用A/O生物脱氮中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,考察了生物脱氮过程中DO和pH的变化规律.结果表明,A/O工艺硝化过程中DO和pH在好氧区的变化可分为3种典型情况,并获得pH曲线可以作为短程硝化反应的控制参数,基于在线过程控制,可以获得稳定较高的NO-2-N积累,而不采用在线过程控制,NO-2-N积累很不稳定;当亚硝化过程完成继续曝气将造成亚硝酸氮继续氧化为硝酸氮,从而亚硝酸氮积累率降低.应用在线过程控制,不但可提高系统脱氮效率,而且可大大节约系统运行费用.     

低碳源条件下供氧模式对活性污泥系统脱氮性能的影响

通过对比采用连续曝气和间歇曝气两种供氧模式的活性污泥系统对低碳源污水的脱氮性能,探究低碳源条件下供氧模式对活性污泥系统脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,反应器进水C/N为3时,连续曝气系统的总氮去除率较间歇曝气系统高17.92%,碳源脱氮利用率较间歇曝气系统高44.29%,同时,连续曝气系统中反硝化菌相对丰度(5.86%)也高于间歇曝气系统(2.06%),说明连续曝气系统对低碳源污水的脱氮性能明显优于间歇曝气系统.另外,基于16S rRNA测序功能预测,连续曝气系统中微生物的膜输送功能、碳水化合物代谢功能以及细胞组成功能均强于间歇曝气系统,因此连续曝气系统中微生物可以更好地利用碳源生长代谢,进而更好地处理低碳源污水.本研究为应对城市污水处理厂进水碳源不足提供思路.     

Performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen

In this study, three sequential batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs) were operated for 155 days to evaluate the performance of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process under different aeration modes and dissolved oxygen (DO). Synthetic wastewater with 160-mg NH4 ⁺-N/L was fed into the reactors. In the continuously-aerated reactor, the efficiency of the ammonium nitrogen conversion and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 70%, respectively, with DO between 0.8–1.0 mg/L. Whereas in the intermittently-aerated reactor, at the aeration/non-aeration ratio of 1.0, ammonium was always under the detection limit and 86% of TN was removed with DO between 2.0–2.5 mg/L during the aeration time. Results show that CANON could be achieved in both continuous and intermittent aeration pattern. However, to achieve the same nitrogen removal efficiency, the DO needed in the intermittently-aerated sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) during the aeration period was higher than that in the continuously-aerated SBBR. In addition, the DO in the CANON system should be adjusted to the aeration mode, and low DO was not a prerequisite to CANON process.     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

同步硝化反硝化(SND)是废水处理中的新型生物脱氮工艺,和传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有显著的应用优势.本研究采用微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器,研究了SND过程中污染物去除效果并检测了生物膜功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,在微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器内可以实现同步硝化反硝化,通过提高进水COD负荷和C∶N比,降低溶解氧(DO)浓度,同时增加填料床层孔隙率,可以改善SND效果.当进水COD负荷和总氮(TN)负荷为0.86 kg·(m3·d)-1和0.10 kg·(m3·d)-1,且填料床层孔隙率为81%时,COD和TN的去除率分别为97.6%和70.2%,实现了COD和TN的同步高效去除;同时,微气泡曝气对氧传质的强化作用使得氧利用率高达91.8%.此外,生物膜活性和硝化及反硝化功能菌群的变化,与反应器COD、氨氮和TN去除能力的变化基本一致.     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

溶解氧对碳氮硫共脱除工艺中微生物群落影响解析

为了研究溶解氧对碳氮硫共脱除工艺中微生物群落的影响,探索供氧条件下提高单质硫转化率的机制,实验采用基因芯片GeoChip技术来解析不同曝气量下采集的污泥样品中的微生物群落结构特征.研究结果表明,微量的溶解氧能显著影响工艺中的微生物群落结构(P<0.001),相对较高浓度的溶解氧可以增加微生物的多样性但是却抑制了对溶解氧比较敏感的反硝化微生物的活性,导致工艺硝酸盐去除率下降.与反硝化微生物相比硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)能抵抗更高浓度的溶解氧,因此工艺的硫酸盐还原过程未受到影响,一直保持较高的硫酸盐去除率.当曝气量为20 mL·min-1时单质硫的转化率最高,通过对sox(sulfur-oxidation)基因丰度分析和聚类分析发现,在该曝气量条件下sox基因的丰度最高,与厌氧条件相比有极其显著的差异.此外,GeoChip还检测到一些硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,SOB)的丰度明显提高,证明适量的溶解氧能够刺激一部分SOB的生长与代谢.     

微氧升流柱-好氧与传统缺氧-好氧处理生活污水性能比较

采用M/O(微氧升流柱-好氧)工艺,通过控制M柱(微氧升流柱)ρ(DO)使其处于缺氧环境,从而代替传统A/O工艺的缺氧段. 在相同运行条件下对2种工艺处理生活污水的性能进行对比研究. 结果表明:在HRT(水力停留时间)为12h、内循环污泥回流比为200%、外循环污泥回流比为50%的条件下,M/O和A/O工艺对ρ(COD_Cr)的平均去除率分别为88.0%和83.0%,M/O工艺比A/O工艺高6%,出水ρ(COD_Cr)均小于50mg/L;对NH₄+-N的平均去除率分别为95.0%和93.3%,去除效果相差不大;而对TN的去除存在明显的差异,M/O工艺对TN的去除率平均值达67.5%,比A/O工艺高近16%. 在将近160d的运行过程中,M/O工艺抗冲击负荷能力明显优于A/O工艺,出水水质波动较小、运行稳定,并且脱氮效果得到强化.      

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3?-P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3?-P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

生物反应器填埋场系统中城市生活垃圾原位脱氮研究

采用填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧或渗滤液回流前经好氧、硝化反应器处理的方式,营造生物反应器填埋场系统内生物脱氮环境,研究了其中生活垃圾原位脱氮的性能.结果表明,在填埋垃圾稳定化过程中,88%以上的含氮化合物以渗滤液的形式溶出.填埋垃圾上层间歇曝气充氧或渗滤液经好氧、硝化反应器处理后回流的生物反应器填埋场系统对渗滤液总氮的处理效果较好,实验结束时,渗滤液总氮量仅为对照填埋场的28.7%和14.3%.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3--P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3--P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

DO和曝停比对单级自养脱氮工艺影响试验研究

为提高SBBR单级自养脱氮系统脱氮性能并考察DO和曝/停比对SBBR单级自养脱氮系统的影响,采用4组对比试验进行研究.结果表明,连续和间歇2种曝气方式均可实现单级自养脱氮,在进水氨氮浓度为160 mg/L左右,温度30℃±2℃,pH值7.8～8.2,HRT为2 d,DO为0.8～1.0 mg/L的条件下,连续曝气系统的氨氮转化率和总氮去除率分别达到80%和70%.DO为(曝气)2.0～2.5　mg·L^-1/(停曝)0.2～0.4 mg·L^-1,曝/停比为2 h∶2 h的系统则达到90%和80%以上.SBBR单级自养脱氮系统的DO应随其曝/停比进行调节,同时还可能与反应器内生物量及微生物在活性污泥和生物膜中的分布情况有关.本研究还探讨了SBBR单级自养脱氮的机理.     

不同溶解氧间歇曝气对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的影响

为了解溶解氧对间歇曝气模式下亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）种群结构的影响,在以城市污水为处理对象,以间歇曝气方式运行的SBR反应器中,检测两种主要NOB菌（Nitrospira、Nitrobacter）在低溶解氧运行时期（55d）和高溶解氧运行时期（113d）数量及结构的变化.结果表明,在低溶解氧运行时期Nitrospira的含量远高于Nitrobacter的含量,与Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii相似性较高的菌种为Nitrospira的优势菌种;而进入高溶解氧运行时期后,Nitrospira含量逐渐降低,相反Nitrobacter含量逐渐升高成为主要NOB菌群,并且其大多数菌种与Nitrobacter winogradskyi菌相似.另外,在低溶解氧运行转变为高溶解氧运行阶段出现了一定的亚硝酸积累,并在Nitrobacter成为优势NOB菌群过程中逐渐消失.