海洋污染及其防治

X55 200402815 大亚湾日本星杆藻种群动态及其与环境因子的关系/王朝晖…(暨南大学水生生物研究所)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2004,24(1).-32 -36 环图X-58 研究了1997～1998年及1999和2000年春季大亚湾日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)种群动态及其与环境因子之间的关系。日本星杆藻是大亚湾浮游植物常见优势种类,可在全年温度范围(14 ～32.8℃)内形成数量高峰,并发生水华。日本星杆藻在1998年和2000年春季不常出现,但1999 年春丰富的营养盐含量及它们之间合适的比值、     

广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析 Ⅱ.藻类水华与营养元素的关系研究

1998年1月－12月在广东大亚湾澳头海域布设6个监测站位，每3天采样1次，连续监测浮游植物种群结构及其时空演替。4月－6月上旬同步监测水温、盐度、光照、pH值、DO、叶绿素a、COD、浊度和营养元素等环境因子，其余月份每月测定一次。监测结果表明，大亚湾澳头海域1998年全年先后发生日本星杆藻（Asterionella japonica)水华、细弱海链藻（Thalathiostira subtilis)水华、裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp)水华、角毛藻（Chaetoceros spp.)水华。对各种营养元素在水华形成和消亡过程中的作用和机制的研究结果显示：不同的藻类对DIN、DIP的需求量并不相同，且藻类对NO3^-－N、NH4^＋－N、NO2^－－N的吸收具有选择性。海水DIP、可溶性Fe浓度的异常增大是水华发生的诱因，DIP、可溶性Fe被消耗殆尽是水华结束的原因之一。     

广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析Ⅰ. 藻类水华的生消过程及其与环境因子的关系

1998年广东大亚湾澳头海域先后发生日本星杆藻(Asterionellajaponica)水华(01-24～02-23)、细弱海链藻(Thalathiosirasubtilis)水华(04-08～04-20)、裸甲藻(Gymnodiniumspp.)水华(04-29～05-08)、角毛藻(Chaetocerosspp.)水华(05-11～05-20)。本文研究了水华期间藻类的生消过程及其动态变化,并分析环境因子在水华形成和消亡过程中的作用和机制。研究结果显示稳定、适宜的水温是水华形成的必要条件,水温的急剧改变是水华消散的重要原因。海水盐度的大幅度波动与水华的消散密切相关。连续的低光照对藻类有诱导作用,而不同的藻类对光照强度的需求和反应并不完全相同。     

广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析——I.藻类水华的生消过程及其与环境因子的关系

1998年广东大亚湾澳头海域先后后发生日本星杆藻（Asterionella japonica）水华（01-24～02-23）、细弱海链藻（Thalathiosira subtilis）水华（04-08～04-20）、裸甲藻（Gymnodinium spp.)水华（04-09～05-08）、角毛藻（Chaetoceros spp.)水华（05-11～05-20）。本文研究了水华期间藻类的生消过程及其动态变化，并分析环境因子在水华形成和消亡过程中的作用和机制。研究结果显示：稳定、适宜的水温是水华形成的必要条件，水温的急剧改变是水华消散的重要原因。海水盐度的大幅度波动与水华的水密切相关。连续的低光照对藻类有诱导作用，而不同的藻类对光照强度的需求和反应并不完全相同。     

海洋污染及其防治

x55双取现盯拼2广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析n.藻类水华与营养元素的关系研究/徐宁…(暨南大学水生态科学研究所)//环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心一2(X)1,21(4)一闷田一粼抖环图X一9 1卯8年1月一12月在广东大亚湾澳头海域布设6个监测站位,每3天采样1次,连续监测浮游植物种群结构及其时空演替。4月一6月上旬同步监测水温、盐度、光照、声值、Do、叶绿素。、C()D、浊度和营养元素等环境因子,其余月份每月测定一次。监测结果表明,大亚湾澳头海域1998年全年先后发生日本星杆藻(Asteri朋eUa japomca)水华、细弱海链藻(Thala面osha …     

大亚湾养殖区营养盐状况分析与评价

研究了1997年春季大亚湾大鹏澳海域及1997～1998年度和1998～2000年春季澳头海域营养盐及其他水化参数的变化。大鹏澳和澳头海域平均DIN含量分别为52.37、115.07μg/L,DIP为5.33、9.19μg/L,DSi为351.81、1068.3μg/L。大鹏澳海域营养状态质量指数(NQI)值多在1.0以下,平均0.97;1998～2000年春澳头海域NQI平均值分别为1.94、1.63、1.51。从1997年澳头海域水质状况来看,春夏季节水质污染程度较高,秋冬季节较低。研究结果表明:大亚湾海域整体水质良好,而且大鹏澳海域水质优于澳头海域,但近岸海区和养殖区已受到一定程度的污染,水质已接近中营养型水平。     

大亚湾藻类赤潮的TOC浓度动态分析

1999年 3月至 2 0 0 0年 6月广东大亚湾澳头先后发生拟菱形藻赤潮、日本星杆藻赤潮、原变型翼根管藻赤潮、五角多甲藻赤潮、脆根管藻赤潮。本文分析了赤潮期间TOC浓度的动态变化过程 ,并分析了TOC浓度在赤潮形成和消亡过程中与赤潮生物数量之间的变化关系。研究结果显示 :TOC浓度的大幅度波动与赤潮的生消密切相关。不同藻类赤潮过程TOC浓度的变化趋势不完全相同。     

春季大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率

2007年4月应用实验室培养法研究了大亚湾海域沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换速率(ν)和交换通量(F),并与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,νDIN变化范围为304.21~441.92μmol/m2.d,平均为368.05μmol/m2.d,νPO4-P变化范围为27.08~110.21μmol/m2.d,平均为48.64μmol/m2.d,νSiO3-Si变化范围为1878.10~6024.40μmol/m2.d,平均为3653.84μmol/m2.d。与间隙水分子扩散模型计算结果相比较,两者之间存在数量级的差异。产生差异的原因在于,间隙水分子扩散模型在浅水海湾中应用时没有考虑到沉积物底栖生物活动以及风浪扰动等因素的影响。大亚湾海域春季FDIN/SE为2.03×107mol,FPO4-Pi/SE为2.68×106mol,FSiO3-Si/SE为2.02×108mol,为维持大亚湾春季的初级生产力,沉积物交换过程可提供约10%的DIN、21%的PO4-P和98%的SiO3-Si。     

长江口海域近50a来营养盐的变化及其对浮游植物群落演替的影响

本文根据收集到的1960s到2000s年间东海长江口附近海域(30.5～32°N,122～123°E)的营养盐数据,分析了长江口海域营养盐的季节变化及历史变化趋势。其中根据1959～1960年,1985～1986年和2002～2003年长江口海域营养盐的季节变化数据,发现50 a来,营养盐的季节变化差异不大,均呈现出春夏低,秋冬高的季节变化趋势,其中2002～2003年四个季节之间营养盐含量的变化幅度较其它两年略小。从1960s～2000s年的历史变化可以看出,调查海域的DIN含量呈现出显著上升的趋势,但是在2000年以后,DIN的年平均含量略有降低但变化不大,基本保持在18μmol/L。DIP年平均浓度变化不明显,浓度范围维持在0.39～0.60μmol/L之间。SiO3-Si的年平均含量呈现出明显的降低趋势。就营养盐组成变化来说,DIN/P比例和Si/DIN比值的变化趋势相反,DIN/P比例呈现出升高的趋势而Si/DIN呈现出降低的趋势。生物数据表明从1980s以后该海域赤潮优势种有从硅藻演变为甲藻的趋势,结合营养盐的变化分析认为过量的DIN和持续升高的DIN/P是造成这一藻种长期演变现象的主要原因。     

大亚湾海域春季营养现状分析与评价

根据2007年4月对大亚湾海域调查结果,分析并评价了该海域春季的营养状况.结果表明,DIN为湾西部和中部含量较高,PO4-P为湾中部海域含量较高,SiO3-Si为澳头附近海域中部和核电站附近海域东南部含量较高;底层DIN、PO4-P和SiO3-Si水平分布均表现为澳头附近海域中部含量较高于其他海域;上覆水中DIN和PO4-P为整个湾内水域分布相对较均匀,而SiO3-Si为霞涌西南部近岸海域和核电站附近海域东南部含量较高.从营养结构看,与Redfield值和Justic等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准比较符合N限制条件.根据修正后的营养状态指数评价模式和有机污染评价指数计算结果,2007年春季大亚湾海域营养水平属于贫营养水平,有机污染程度表层、底层属0级,而上覆水属1级,表明大亚湾海水水质良好.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.