联合PMF模型与稳定同位素的地下水污染溯源

基于传统水质监测与污染排放的污染源识别方法,存在监测频率与识别结果模糊等限制,难以实现污染源及迁移转化的准确量化.联合多元统计分析与稳定同位素技术,以成都平原典型混合用地区地下水污染为研究对象,提出利用正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型识别污染主控因子,减小环境因素对污染源判别的干扰,并基于水化学分析与土地利用构建贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型,进一步量化不同污染源对地下水典型污染物硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）的贡献率.结果表明,研究区地下水NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Mn、Fe、SO₄^2-和Cl^-均存在不同程度超标,且具有空间异质性.地下水中"三氮"主要以NO₃^-为主,NO₃^-浓度在菜地的地下水中普遍偏高（平均值为9.29 mg·L^-1）,其次是在养殖场（平均值为7.66 mg·L^-1）和耕地（平均值为7.09 mg·L^-1）,在工业区最低（平均值为2.20 mg·L^-1）.研究区地下水水质受原生地质作用、农业活动、水文地球化学演化、生活污染和工业污染的复合影响,且农业活动是研究区地下水NO₃^-增长的主要原因.研究区内农业区地下水NO₃^-的主要来源贡献为化肥（32%）和土壤氮（25%）;工业区地下水NO₃^-的主要来源贡献为污水排放（28%）和大气降雨（27%）.通过多元统计与稳定同位素技术的有机结合,有效识别了地下水污染来源及其贡献率,可为地下水污染源头防控提供科学依据.     

Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin,France): past,present and future

Nitrate and pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater has become a major problem in intensive farming regions in Europe, with nitrate concentrations reaching values above the standard defined in 2000 by the European Water Framework Directive. In the Seine basin, a major issue is the closure and abandonment of drinking-water wells, which force water managers and drinking-water producers to explore solutions for water resource protection. Organic farming has appeared as a credible alternative to conventional farming, and this study explores the potential of organic farming to reconcile agricultural production and water quality. On the basis of agricultural statistics, survey questionnaires and experimental data, the nitrogen soil surface balance (N-SSB) has been established at the scale of a small 104-km² catchment (The Orgeval sub-basin), representative of the intensive cash crop farming in the Seine basin. The N-surplus for arable land in specialized organic cash crop systems has been found to be half that of current conventional systems (15 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The N-yield in organic systems is 21% lower than in conventional systems, but total fertilization (mostly symbiotic N fixation) is also 26% lower. Whereas 2–3 years of forage legume (e.g., alfalfa) as a starter crop of the typical 7- to 10-year diversified rotation builds up N soil fertility and helps prevent weeds without pesticides, the existence of an outlet for this fodder production is a limiting factor for the economic sustainability and the environmental benefits of these farming systems. Therefore, we explored the possibility of a reconnection of livestock and crop farming systems in the Orgeval catchment, a traditional dairy farming and Brie cheese production region. We calculated the N-SSB for this type of a reconnected livestock and cropping system and found a value very close to the specialized organic cash crop system with full utilization of fodder production, leading to profitable animal production, essentially as milk in this farm design. This reconnected system is compared with the estimated situation in 1955 before separation of plant and livestock production. Furthermore, the N-SSB values were converted into infiltrating sub-root concentrations and used as a boundary condition to a biogeochemical model. Organic cropping and organic reconnected livestock cropping systems result in a 50% reduction of surface water nitrate concentrations, a surface water quality 20% better than that reconstructed for 1955, with an overall higher protein production.     

Potential nitrogen enrichment of soil and surface water by atmospheric ammonia sorption in intensive livestock production areas

Elevated atmospheric NH₃ levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH₃ sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH₃ was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH₄–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH₃ sorbed for that week. The NH₃ sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 22 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 20 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Considerable variation in NH₃–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH₃ sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH₃ sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH₃ input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH₃ sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching.     

Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan, western Iran

Nitrogen (N) is vital for plant and microbial growth and rather large amounts are required by most arable and horticulture plants. High nitrate (NO₃⁻) levels of water supplies have been attributed to leaching from the soil and into water systems. In the arid and semi-arid regions, irrigation water carries NO₃⁻ into groundwater. This study was conducted to investigate NO₃⁻ pollution of groundwater in Hamadan, western Iran. The water samples were mostly taken from domestic and community wells. In this area, the drinking water supply comes mainly from groundwater sources. Nitrate concentrations in the well samples varied from 3 to 252 with the average of 49 mg l⁻¹. Results showed that of 311 wells, 196 (63%) had levels less than 50 mg l⁻¹ and 115 (37%) had levels in excess of the 50 mg l⁻¹ NO₃⁻. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the area and application of N fertilizers clearly has an impact on groundwater. If agricultural losses remain stable, it could be expected that the concentration of NO₃⁻ in groundwater will reach or exceed the international recommendations for drinking water (50 mg l⁻¹) in the future. Irrigation with high NO₃⁻ groundwater can minimise the requirement for N fertilizers. To maintain yield increase and minimise NO₃⁻ pollution of the groundwater, best management practices, for N fertilizer use should be applied and excessive fertilizer application prevented.     

黑河中游边缘荒漠-绿洲非饱和带土壤质地对土壤氮积累与地下水氮污染的影响

在灌溉农田生态系统,土壤剖面中硝态氮(NO-3-N)的积累、分布、运移及地下水氮污染不仅受灌溉、施肥的影响,也与土壤质地有密切联系.本研究在黑河流域中游临泽平川绿洲设置了黑河河漫滩-老绿洲农田-新垦绿洲农田-绿洲外围固沙带一个监测断面10个观测井,对地下水NO-3-N含量进行连续监测,并对不同景观单元非饱和带土壤质地和NO-3-N含量进行了分析,对不同质地土壤NO-3-N在剖面的运移变化和氮淋溶损失进行监测.结果表明老绿洲农田,0~300 cm土层土壤质地的垂向分布为上层砂壤土,下层为壤土和黏壤土;而新垦沙地农田在土壤剖面中也有洪积黏土层出现,但0~300 cm不同土层砂粒含量均在80%以上;绿洲外围固沙带土壤在160 cm以下出现黏土层分布;土壤NO-3-N含量与黏粉粒含量呈显著相关,显著程度固沙带>新垦绿洲农田>老绿洲农田.土壤黏粉粒含量显著影响氮的淋溶.老绿洲农田区域,地下水NO-3-N含量变动在1.01~5.17 mg·L-1,平均2.65 mg·L-1;新垦沙地农田区域地下水NO-3-N含量变动在6.6~29.5 mg·L-1,平均20.8mg·L-1,2013年5~10月平均含量为26.5 mg·L-1,较2012年同期平均值上升了9.5 mg·L-1;绿洲外围固沙带地下水NO-3-N含量呈明显的增加趋势.地下水浅埋区非饱和带土壤质地是土壤NO-3-N淋溶损失和地下水NO-3-N污染的关键控制因子.边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田是地下水氮污染的脆弱带和高风险区域,实施有效降低地下水氮污染的种植模式及施肥和灌溉管理是区域生态农业需考虑的问题.     

乌蒙山重点地区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

乌蒙山区是中国西南贫困连片分布区,水资源短缺问题已成为制约当地生态环境建设和社会经济发展的重要因素。本文选取乌蒙山重点地区赫章县和纳雍县作为研究区,采用描述性统计、Piper三线图、相关性分析和离子比例系数法对地下水化学特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为地下水中主要阳离子,HCO-3和SO2-4为地下水中主要阴离子,微量元素检出率较高,部分含量超标。HCO3·SO4-Ca型、HCO3-Ca型、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型为主要地下水水化学类型;(2)碳酸盐的溶解作用和硫化物的氧化作用是地下水中两种主要的水文地球化学过程,共同决定了地下水的离子构成和水化学类型,部分地区还存在石膏和岩盐的溶解,人类活动对地下水也有一定的影响。     

北方典型岩溶泉域地下水水文地球化学特征分析——以鹤壁许家沟泉域为例

近年来,受采矿活动、气候变化等因素影响,包括鹤壁许家沟泉域在内的北方多数岩溶泉域水化学场发生了改变,但其演变规律及现状条件下的水文地球化学特征仍不明晰。为揭示现状条件下许家沟泉域地下水水文地球化学特征及其控制因素,本文在调查取样分析的基础上,采用数理统计、离子比例系数、Gibbs图及相关性分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明:泉域内岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型。地下水主要水化学组分演化过程的主控因素是岩石风化作用,地下水中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-主要来源于含方解石(CaCO_3)、白云石(CaMg(CO_3)_2)的碳酸盐岩以及硫酸盐岩(CaSO_4·2H_2O)的溶解,一部分SO_4~(2-)来自黄铁矿氧化。脱白云石化作用致使泉域枯水期地下水中Mg~(2+)明显高于丰水期。阳离子吸附交替使地下水中Na~+、K~+含量降低。稳定同位素特征表明,泉域岩溶地下水主要接受西部裸露区大气降雨的入渗补给,泉域南部岩溶地下水还受淇河河水渗漏的影响,枯水期岩溶地下水中δ~(18)O存在漂移现象。研究成果为泉域内岩溶地下水的合理开发与保护提供了依据。     

淮南煤矿区地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素

为厘清淮南矿区地表水和地下水水化学特征和控制因素,采集115组地下水和30组地表水样品,基于数理统计、 Piper三线图、 Gibbs图、矿物稳定场图和离子比例系数等方法,分析了淮南煤矿区地表水和地下水的水文地球化学特征,研究了其水化学特征演变规律.结果表明,淮南煤矿区地下水和地表水呈弱碱性,地表水和地下水中优势阴阳离子为HCO^-₃、 Ca⁺和Na⁺.HCO₃-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Na·Mg型为地表水和地下水的主要水化学类型.地下水和地表水的水化学特征主要受岩石风化作用控制,阳离子交替吸附和蒸发对其有一定的促进作用.水岩作用以硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物的溶解为主,碳酸盐岩的溶解制约Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺和HCO^-₃等离子的变化.地表水和地下水中Cl^-、 SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃     

快速城镇化进程中珠江三角洲硝酸型地下水赋存特征及驱动因素

随着经济的发展,我国地下水硝酸盐污染日趋严重,城镇化和工业化是硝酸型地下水频繁显现的主要驱动力.本文以城镇化快速发展的珠江三角洲为研究区,运用数理统计、主成分分析及"双因子"等方法探讨了研究区浅层硝酸型地下水的赋存环境特征和驱动因素.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区地下水硝酸盐含量总体较高,全区1538组地下水样品中,硝酸盐浓度大于地下水Ⅲ类水质标准（88.6 mg·L^-1）87组,超标率为5.7%;硝酸型水284组,占样品总数的18.5%.研究区硝酸型水分布广泛,主要分布于丘陵区及其与平原区交界处.其中广州、东莞、佛山和珠海等地区受城镇化和工业化影响出现了条带状的高溶解性总固体（TDS）硝酸型水,而在周边丘陵河谷区分布低TDS硝酸型水.西江、东江平原区,受工业废水及海咸水入侵影响,地下水TDS明显升高,该区域地下水NO₃^-质量浓度超Ⅲ类水标准但未影响水化学类型,然而工业化导致该区域硫酸型水频繁显现.研究区硝酸型水赋存于酸性或弱酸性环境,通常具有TDS和总硬度含量较低,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和K⁺浓度较高等特征.硝酸型水的形成主要受生活污水、工业废水、农业氮肥、化粪池和垃圾渗滤液泄漏等影响.通常,高TDS硝酸型水的污染负荷高于低TDS硝酸型水.硝酸型水尤其是低TDS硝酸型水的圈定有利于识别出人类活动影响更为强烈的地下水,能够尽早识别出硝酸盐含量低但已具有潜在污染风险的地下水,对地下水的污染防控具有重要意义.     

多种同位素手段的硝酸盐污染源解析:以会仙湿地为例

近年来,湿地在人类掠夺性开发下生态环境正不断恶化.其中,硝酸盐污染就是湿地生态环境面临的一类主要问题.本文以会仙岩溶湿地为研究对象,为查明导致湿地水体硝酸盐升高的主要因素,利用~(15)N(NO_3~-)、~(18)O(NO_3~-)同位素手段确定区内硝酸盐污染的主要来源,并借助SIAR模型确定各类污染源的贡献率.在此基础上,通过~(13)C_(DIC)同位素定性描述地下水的径流条件,以此探究硝酸根浓度的空间分布与水循环的关系.结果表明,影响研究区水体中硝酸根浓度的主要因素有3个方面,动物粪便及生活污水、化肥中NO_3~-和土壤氮,其对硝酸盐污染的贡献率均值分别为39.1%、32.2%和28.5%.~(13)C_(DIC)同位素结果显示,轻~(13)C_(DIC)表明其地下水径流条件好,其对应的NO_3~-浓度值一般较低,而重~(13)C_(DIC)对应的NO_3~-浓度值一般较高.由此可知,地下水径流条件的好坏也一定程度地影响了NO_3~-浓度的分布.     

成都平原典型区地下水污染时空异质性及污染源分析

成都平原地下水是该地区生活、工农业生产用水的重要来源,但由于长期过量使用化肥,以及畜禽养殖、乡镇企业及生活污废水的无组织排放,已对该区地下水环境构成了威胁.本研究选取成都平原某典型城镇农村区进行不同时季地下水水质监测分析,并联合ArcGIS空间分析技术、相关矩阵分析和主成分分析(PCA),以揭示研究区地下水水质时空异质性、污染影响因素、潜在污染源及污染源时季变化规律.结果表明,研究区"三氮"(NO~-_3、NO~-_2、NH~+_4)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、氯离子(Cl~-)、硫酸根离子(SO■)存在不同程度的超标,其中,氨氮(NH~+_4)超标最为突出;地下水中氨氮含量及"三氮"之间的转化主要受土地利用类型、地下水铁锰分布及含水层氧化还原条件的影响.PCA结果显示,农业活动、生活污水和工业排放是造成研究区地下水污染的主要影响因素,从春季到夏季地下水污染源由生活污染为主转向农业污染为主,冬季地下水污染源以生活和工业源为主.ArcGIS空间分析和PCA分析的结合,有助于探讨地下水水质及潜在污染源的时季变化规律,可为地下水环境保护、污染控制和减缓方案制定提供理论依据.     

Impact of land clearing methods and cropping systems on labile soil C and N pools in the humid zone Forest of Nigeria

Labile soil C and N play vital roles in soil–plant nutrient dynamics, especially in the low input cropping system and are vulnerable to perturbation. Surface (0–0.15 m) soils from three land clearing methods (slash and burn, bulldozed non-windrowed and bulldozed windrowed) and each with two cropping systems (5-and 4-year cropping/2-year cassava fallow) were collected in the humid forest ecosystem of Nigeria.The soils were analysed for total C and N, microbial biomass C and N (SMB C and N), particulate organic matter C and N (POM C and N), water-soluble C, potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and mineral N. The size of the labile C and N and their relative contributions to the organic C and total N differed significantly among land clearing methods, irrespective of the cropping system. Soils under slash and burn had a significantly (p > 0.05) higher particulate organic matter C, N (10.80 and 0.16 g kg⁻¹, respectively) and microbial biomass C and N (1.07 and 0.12 g kg⁻¹) compared to the bulldozed windrow, regardless of the cropping system. Four years cropping/2-year cassava fallow resulted in a significant higher labile C and N, relative to 5-year cropped plots across the land clearing methods. Effect of the treatments on the concentration of PMN and mineral N mirrored the SMB N and POM N. However, the quantity of most of the labile C and N pool and crop yield obtained from the slash and burn and bulldozed non-windrowed treatment did not differ significantly. Hence, bulldozed non-windrowed clearing could be a viable alternative to slash and burn in the case of large-scale farming in ensuring reduced losses of soil organic matter and nutrient during land clearing in the humid tropics.     

东北海伦地区农村地下饮用水硝态氮污染特征及其影响因素分析

地下水硝态氮污染已成为一个全球性的问题,直接影响到人们的生活用水和身体健康.通过对海伦地区157口农村饮用水井取样分析,探讨了该地区地下水硝态氮污染的时空特征及其影响因素.结果表明,地下水中硝态氮平均含量14.01 mg·L^-1,超标率（≥10.00 mg·L^-1）达到26.11%.地下饮用水硝态氮的污染表现出明显的空间分异特征,在空间上地下水硝态氮污染程度从高到低依次为中部漫川漫岗农业区、东北丘陵漫岗农业区,西南平川漫岗农业区.在此基础上,从水井本身性质和污染物来源两方面分析了地下水硝态氮污染影响因素.在水井本身性质方面,水井管道材料不同导致地下水硝态氮受污染程度不同,其中单节管道水井的污染程度显著低于多节管道,平均浓度分别为5.08、 32.57 mg·L^-1,超标率分布为12.26%、 82.35%;整个地区水井硝态氮污染程度与水井绝对深度无显著关系,但在28个同一取样单元,深水井污染程度显著低于浅水井,其中单节管深井、单节管浅井、多节管深井、多节管浅井的平均浓度分别为1.84、 12.02、 25.14、 45.61 mg·L^-1.分析污染物来源可以发现,污染程度较高的地区多处于氮肥施用量较高、户均家禽牲畜量较多的地区,表明地下水硝态氮污染与化肥施用量以及家禽牲畜排泄量呈一定的正相关关系.     

柳林泉域岩溶地下水区域演化规律及控制因素

柳林泉是山西省著名的十大岩溶大泉之一,丰富的岩溶地下水资源对吕梁地区经济社会发展具有支撑作用,开展岩溶地下水化学演化规律及控制因素研究对于流域水资源可持续利用意义重大.本研究对补给区、径流区、排泄区、深埋区的29个岩溶地下水主要离子组分进行测试分析.结果表明,水温、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)质量浓度从补给区、到径流区、到排泄区、再到深埋区,随着径流途径增加不断升高. K~+、Na~+、Cl~-主要来源于盐岩的溶解;而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的溶解.受控于盐岩、石膏的不断溶解,Na~+、C~l-和SO_4~(2-)质量浓度增加幅度大,最大值分别为最小值的50、80和32倍;受去白云化作用的影响,Ca~(2+)、HCO3-质量浓度变化不大,最大值仅为最小值的2～3倍.在补给区、径流区,Na~+、Cl~-质量浓度较低,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-为主要阴阳子,但在排泄区和深埋区,Cl~-、Na~+明显超过了HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),成为最主要的阴阳离子;水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca·Mg型转化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na·Mg型,最终演变为Cl·HCO_3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO_3-Na型和Cl-Na·Ca型.     

15N和18O在桂林岩溶水氮污染源示踪中的应用

为确定桂林东区岩溶含水层氮污染特征及其迁移转化过程,选择桂林东区地下水与地表水共27个采样点,分别在雨季和旱季进行取样分析.结果显示:桂林东区地下水NO3--N污染较严重,是最主要的无机氮形态.雨季地下水采样点的NO3--N平均浓度为12.5mg/L,超过了世界卫生组织的地下水饮用标准界限(10mg/L);旱季地下水采样点的NO3--N平均含量为8.8mg/L,虽有明显的降低,但也濒临超标.而少数地表水采样点由于受到直接排污影响,NH4+和NO2-浓度较高,其余离子浓度均较低.该区地下水中硝酸盐的δ15N值范围在5‰~25‰,δ18O值范围在5‰~10‰,表明该区地下水硝酸盐来源为家畜粪便和生活污水,也可能有土壤有机氮和化肥的混合,并发生微生物的硝化作用产生同位素分馏.其中一部分采样点NO3-的N、O同位素比值在1.3~2.1的变化范围内,而另有一部分采样点NO3-的N、O同位素比值不在这个范围之内,表明该区地下水中反硝化作用并不明显,存在空间差异性.     

河套灌区浅层地下水NO3--N时空变化及驱动因素

为探明河套灌区地下水硝酸盐污染现状、时空演变特征和主要影响因素,选择乌拉特灌域为研究区,采用统计分析、 Piper三线图、相关分析和离子比值等方法,探究了该地区地下水硝酸盐质量浓度时空变化格局和主要驱动因素.结果表明,乌拉特灌域地下水氮素主要以NO^-₃-N为主,ρ（NO^-₃-N）存在极高值(60.00 mg·L^-1),超标率达10.50%;时间分布：8月地下水ρ（NO^-₃-N）最高(平均值为6.61 mg·L^-1), 10月(6.22 mg·L^-1)和11月(6.25 mg·L^-1)次之,3月(平均值为1.77 mg·L^-1)最小,土壤中NO^-₃-N在降雨和灌溉驱动作用影响下,下渗至地下水,呈现出丰水期和灌溉集中期高于其它时期的特征;空间分布：灌域西南部(8.87 mg·L^-1)&g...     

平朔矿区不同水体水化学特征及氟分布成因

为了探明采煤驱动下平朔矿区所在流域内不同水体水化学特征及氟分布成因,综合运用水化学图解、主成分分析和地球化学模拟等方法,对2020~2021年采集的468组地表水、地下水和矿井水样品进行分析.结果表明,地表水、地下水和矿井水均呈近中性至弱碱性;地表水和矿井水中优势阴离子为SO₄^2-,地下水中优势阴离子为HCO₃^-,Ca²⁺是所有水体中的优势阳离子.地表水和矿井水水化学类型以SO₄·HCO₃-Ca·Mg为主.地下水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca·Mg,采煤区的浅层或深层地下水存在HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型.水体水化学主要受碳酸盐岩风化溶解、采煤活动以及含氟矿物的风化溶解影响,采煤和工农业等人类活动加速了不同水体间水化学转换,尤其是浅层地下水.水体ρ（F^-）介于0.10~1.76 mg·L^-1,其中,42%浅层地下水F^-浓度高于国家饮用水安全限值;时空分布上,西北至东南地下水中F^-浓度平均值呈增加趋势,3月和8月F^-浓度偏高.高氟浅层地下水化学呈现偏碱性和高Na⁺特征.F^-富集主要受采煤活动和含氟矿物风化溶解影响,水体中方解石饱和加速了含氟矿物的风化溶解.     

牟汶河中上游孔隙水化学特征及控制因素

为研究牟汶河中上游孔隙水水化学特征及离子来源,在牟汶河中上游莱芜盆地采集了孔隙水样品29组,综合利用相关性和主成分分析、 Piper三线图和Gibbs图集离子比值等方法,分析了该区孔隙水主要离子特征及其控制因素,揭示了该区孔隙水中的主要物质来源.结果表明,牟汶河中上游孔隙水阴阳离子以HCO^-₃、 NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺为主;以TDS>1 000 mg·L^-1为标准,正常值点水化学类型主要为HCO₃·NO₃·SO₄-Ca和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型水,异常值点水化学类型主要为NO₃·Cl-Ca型水.地下水化学演化过程主要受岩石风化、阳离子交替吸附和人类活动影响,Na⁺+K⁺主要来自硅酸盐风化溶解作用,HCO^-     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

乌梁素海区域地下水水化学特征及成因分析

运用地下水系统理论及水文地球化学分析方法对乌梁素海周边地下水水化学特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明：（1）研究区地下水整体呈弱碱性,乌梁素海与潜水均为微咸水,承压水为淡水;（2）乌梁素海水化学类型为Cl-Na型;潜水水化学类型主要为Cl-Na型和Cl-Ca·Mg型,由补给区到排泄区,水化学类型由重碳酸型向盐酸型演变;承压水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Ca型和Cl-Na型;（3）研究区地下水主要受蒸发浓缩作用和水-岩相互作用的控制,蒸发浓缩和离子交换是区域地下水中Na⁺富集的主要原因;（4）研究区地下水中的硝酸盐来源为人畜粪便和生活污水的排放。