污泥中氧化亚铁硫杆菌的分离及其应用效果

以FeSO4.7H2O为能源物质,采用9K选择性培养基培养继以Leathen固体培养基平板接种法直接从污泥中分离出一株高度嗜酸的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)菌株该菌株适应污泥环境速度快,易于驯化.序批式试验法研究表明,接种该菌株进行污泥生物淋滤可有效溶出污水污泥中重金属.经过4～10 d的生物淋滤,Cr、Cu、Zn的最高去除率可分别达到80%、100%和100%.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对河口底泥中重金属的淋滤效果

从天津某铁厂附近排污河的酸性底泥中成功分离出氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,对其形态特征和DNA序列进行了鉴定。运用生物淋滤技术对河口底泥中重金属进行了淋滤实验研究。结果表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌能够较快速启动生物淋滤,且接种该菌株进行底泥生物淋滤可有效溶出底泥中重金属。最佳淋滤条件为:Fe SO4·7H2O添加量为7 g/L,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的接种量为15%,硫粉添加量为3 g/L,污泥浓度为10%,温度为30℃和硫粉为3 g/L。在最佳淋滤条件下,底泥中Cu、Zn和Hg的去除率分别达到80.6%、63.9%和82.5%。     

黄铁矿与硫粉配合提高污泥重金属的淋滤效果

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验,研究了黄铁矿与硫粉2种底物配合使用对污泥中重金属生物淋滤效果的影响.结果表明,2种底物配合可加速污泥中重金属(Zn, Cu)的浸出,显著提高其去除率.经过18d的生物淋滤,在2种底物配合并接种的处理中,Zn和Cu的去除率分别可达89.2%,56.5%;而在单独加黄铁矿并接种的处理中两者的去除率分别为12.0%, 0.9%;单独添加硫粉并接种处理中分别为85.2%,37.6%,进一步验证了生物淋滤技术去除污泥中重金属的可行性.     

亚铁离子对混合接种污泥淋滤的影响

通过对污水污泥加富培养和驯化制成污泥生物淋滤的混合接种物。用混合接种物接种,固定能源物质硫粉质量浓度为2g／L,研究FeSO4·7H2O的投加量对污泥中重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd生物淋滤的影响。实验结果表明,FeS04·7H20的加入量为5-10g／L时淋滤效果最为合适。在28℃,180r／min的条件下淋滤15d,Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的溶出率可分别达到81、09％,81．40％,67、55％和56、59％。通过比较发现,采用混合接种物进行生物淋滤,与采用纯种茵相比在重金属溶出和营养物质保存方面都有较好的效果。     

底物对浓缩污泥中重金属生物淋滤的影响

通过接种经驯化分离和富集培养的污泥固有硫杆菌,在不同底物条件下对浓缩污泥中的重金属进行生物淋滤处理,并对污泥中重金属的滤除及酸化过程进行探讨。试验结果表明:相对于单一的FeSO4.7H2O和S粉作底物,两者配合使用可以加速污泥中重金属(Zn和Cu)的浸出,提高滤出率,经过14d的生物淋滤,Zn和Cu去除率分别达到77.9%和57.5%。污泥经生物淋滤之后,挥发性固体(VS)有不同程度的降低;过长时间的酸化使污泥的肥分受到影响,N的流失率为38.3%～59.9%,P的流失率为43.3%～62.1%。     

表面活性剂强化污泥生物淋滤Cu、Zn的研究

通过接种经Tween-80驯化培养的污泥混合硫杆菌,研究了不同浓度表面活性剂Tween-80对污泥生物淋滤过程中重金属Cu、Zn溶出效果的影响.同时探讨了Tween-80对混合硫杆菌氧化元素硫能力的影响.结果表明,投加0.5~8.0g/L Tween-80能促进硫杆菌氧化元素硫,并随着投加量的增加,元素硫的氧化率提高.但是在污泥生物淋滤实验中,随着Tween-80投加量增加,这种促进作用先加强后被抑制.Tween-80最佳投加量为6.0g/L,这时元素硫的生物氧化率显著提高,污泥酸化加快,经过8d的淋滤,Cu和Zn的淋滤效果可达到最佳,溶出率分别为91.9%和90.4%,而对照组在第10d淋滤效果达到最佳,分别为80.1%和85.2%.但是当Tween-80浓度大于6.0g/L时,硫杆菌的生长和繁殖受到抑制,使生物淋滤反应速度减缓,去除效率较低.     

不同底物氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长特性研究

氧化亚铁硫杆菌是脱硫领域的重要微生物之一。文章研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对不同含硫底物的利用情况,并用单质硫对其进行驯化培养,将分别以亚铁和单质硫为底物的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长特性进行对比分析。结果表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对所选的三种含硫底物的利用难易程度依次为Na2S2O3最易利用,单质S其次,而Na2SO3的利用情况最差;氧化亚铁硫杆菌经单质S驯化后,其氧化单质S的能力显著增强,且细菌细胞的形态、结构等与以Fe2+为能源物质相比发生了变化。     

复合硫杆菌生物淋滤对Mn去除的研究

通过利用复合硫杆菌(氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌)在不同接种量(5%,10%,20%)对市政污泥进行生物淋滤实验,探讨了淋滤过程中pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)、Mn的淋滤效果及淋滤过程中其形态的变化。结果表明:该方法能有效淋出污泥中的Mn,生物淋滤12d后,10%接种量反应器Mn的淋出率达到100%;Mn的淋出率受pH和ORP的双重影响,与pH和ORP的关系为:淋出率等于2.439-0.452pH-0.002ORP;各形态中Mn的可交换态和残渣态变化幅度大,从形态变化上表明该淋滤反应对Mn具有有效的淋出;Mn各形态的淋滤能力是:碳酸盐结合态>铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>有机物结合态。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌处理线路板行业污泥的无害化

研究了一株用于浸出线路板中Cu的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans简称:A.f菌)在高固液比下无害化处理线路板污泥的影响.实验以A.f菌为原始菌种,通过周期性的驯化培养,在不同的浸出条件下探究了生物浸出时间、培养基pH值、菌种驯化周期、固液比和硫酸亚铁浓度等因素对A.f菌浸出线路板行业污泥中有价金属的影响.结果表明:当固液比高于1:20时,溶液中高浓度的重金属对微生物浸出有抑制作用,但通过连续的驯化培养可以提高菌种的耐受性,在FeSO4·7H2O投加量为60g/L、9k培养基初始pH为0.5、浸出时间为6d、固液比为1:10的条件下, Cu、Ni和Zn的浸出率可达:78%、53%和74%.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱煤中硫的实验研究

通过对氧化亚铁硫杆菌的培养，驯化，及不同条件下该菌的脱硫实验，得到以下结果，在接种量为３＊１０＾６个／ｍｌ，煤粉粒度为２００目，煤浆浓度为１０％的条件下，脱硫率１０天时达５０．５％；２０天时，达８８％。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.