杭州市灰霾与非灰霾日不同粒径大气颗粒物来源解析

在2011年典型灰霾和非灰霾天气下,采集了杭州市不同粒径的大气颗粒物样品,测定并分析各粒径段颗粒物的质量浓度及其化学成分;同时采集并分析了主要污染源排放的颗粒物样品,通过CMB(化学质量平衡)模型进行源解析. 结果表明:灰霾天气下,二次粒子是杭州市各粒径段颗粒物的首要贡献源,其对≤1.1、>1.1~3.3、>3.3~5.8和>5.8~10μm粒径段的颗粒物贡献率分别为60.4%、62.2%、54.8%和46.5%. 在一次排放源中,机动车尾气是≤1.1和>1.1~3.3μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率分别为13.8%和12.2%;城市扬尘是>3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率达到16.0%;而建筑施工尘是>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为14.2%. 非灰霾天气下,随着颗粒物粒径的增加,二次粒子的贡献率显著下降,对≤1.1μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率为42.7%,而对>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的贡献率仅为15.5%;机动车是各粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源,贡献率均在20%以上;煤烟尘是≤3.3μm细粒径段颗粒物的重要贡献源类,贡献率为22.0%;城市扬尘是>3.3~5.8μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为18.3%;建筑施工尘依然是>5.8~10μm粒径段颗粒物的重要来源,贡献率为21.4%.      

关中地区道路移动源细颗粒物排放特征研究

道路移动源排放的细颗粒物是城市大气颗粒物的主要来源,其排放量、粒径分布和化学组分等特征是评价区域环境颗粒物排放水平及制定相应管控措施的基础.本研究通过抽样调查与观测数据,采用MOVES模型计算了2019年关中地区道路移动源细颗粒物排放量,并利用台架测试法收集了36辆机动车尾气颗粒物,分析了细颗粒物粒径分布和化学组分特征.结果表明,关中地区机动车尾气、刹车磨损和轮胎磨损的PM_2.5排放量分别为3543.77、593.45和117.61 t,西安市机动车PM_2.5排放总量占关中地区机动车PM_2.5总排放量的46.8%.重型货车为机动车PM_2.5主要排放源,其保有量仅占机动车总保有量的2.3%,但排放了53.6%的PM_2.5;不同燃料类型机动车对尾气PM_2.5的排放贡献率不同,柴油车最大,为87.5%.在匀速工况下,柴油车、汽油车和天然气车尾气细颗粒物的数浓度峰值粒径分别为73、9和9 nm,而在加速工况下分别为73、17和17 nm;在加速工况下,这3类燃料机...     

成都市大气颗粒物粒径分布及其对能见度的影响

使用环境颗粒物分析仪（GRIMM180）对成都市2018年10月—2019年9月0.25~32 μm的大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合细颗粒物（PM_2.5）质量浓度以及相对湿度（RH）、能见度、降水量等气象要素数据,分析了成都市大气颗粒物粒径分布及其与能见度的关系.结果表明,观测期间成都市大气颗粒物以细粒子为主,0.25~0.5 μm的粒子数浓度占总数浓度的97.75%,数浓度谱呈单峰分布,2018年秋季、2019年夏季表面积谱呈双峰分布,2018年冬季、2019年春季表面积谱呈三峰,体积谱均为三峰分布;在不同RH区间,PM_2.5质量浓度及数浓度均与能见度呈负相关,且其中0.25~0.5 μm粒径段的细颗粒物因为对可见光波段的米散射效应而对能见度产生较大影响;在不同RH情况下,不同粒径段颗粒物数浓度对能见度的影响程度有所差别：在低RH（<70%）下,0.25~0.3 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度影响最大;在中等RH（70%~80%）下,0.3~0.5 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度的影响最大;而在高RH（>80%）下,0.3~0.5 μm和0.5~1 μm粒径段粒子数浓度对能见度影响相当.     

济南市秋季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布研究

为了解济南市大气颗粒物的粒径分布特征,于2009年10月利用多级撞击式颗粒物采样器(MOUDI)进行了大气颗粒物采集,采用离子色谱仪分析了其中水溶性离子浓度.结果表明,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+和Ca2+是主要的水溶性离子,浓度总和约占总水溶性离子浓度的92%.SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、K+和Cl-浓度随时间变化较为显著,浓度变化主要原因是受风速以及气流来源方向的影响.SO42-和NH4+主要集中在细粒子中,其浓度呈单模态分布,随着颗粒物中含量的升高其峰值从0.32~0.56 μm粒径段逐渐移动到1~1.8 μm粒径段.NO3-浓度呈双峰分布,细粒子中的NO3-随着浓度的升高峰值从0.56~1μm粒径段移动到1~1.8μm粒径段,粗粒子中的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段. NH4+可以完全中和细粒子中的SO42-和NO3-,在细粒子中主要以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在.     

封闭式博物馆室内空气颗粒物离子成分特征

采用气体悬浮物粒子监测仪和NanoMoudi-Ⅱ125A型分级采样器对某封闭式博物馆进行颗粒物数浓度监测和颗粒物采样,测定了不同粒径段颗粒物中的主要离子组分。结果表明,监测期间粗颗粒物(粒径≥2.5μm)、细颗粒物(粒径在0.1~2.5μm之间)和超细颗粒物(粒径≤0.1μm)质量浓度分别为20.50~24.38μg/m3、23.39~24.08μg/m3和16.02~17.48μg/m3。颗粒物数浓度集中在粒径≤0.3μm范围,PM1数浓度占PM10数浓度的97%以上,游客扰动和清洁活动使粗颗粒物数浓度增加了8~172倍。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm粒径段,Na+、Cl-分布较平均,K+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Mg2+的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Ca2+峰值出现在1.8~3.2μm粒径段;总有机酸根离子无明显峰值;乙酸根离子浓度为1.238μg/m3,高于甲酸根和乙二酸根。颗粒物的阳/阴离子比均值为2.83,说明阴离子测定可能有缺失,如碳酸盐等。颗粒物中水溶性离子浓度水平和粒径分布受游客影响不明显,受室外空气输送的影响较大。     

北京市铺装道路降尘污染特征及来源

为研究北京市道路降尘在不同季节的污染特征及来源,选取北京市4条典型道路得到64个采样点的道路尘样品,采集的道路尘样品经过预处理得到75 μm以下的颗粒物,经过再悬浮及实验室分析得到PM_2.5的粒径分布和化学成分谱.结果表明:不同采样高度及不同道路类型的颗粒物粒径大体分布规律一致,颗粒物质量频率存在三个峰值,分别为0.75 μm（微粒径）、2.50 μm（小粒径）、4.50 μm（大粒径）;各季节的降尘颗粒物的化学组分中质量分数最大的是元素,主要元素（含量>1%）季节变化为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,元素富集因子法得到污染元素为Cr、Cd、Sn、Cu、Zn、Pb、As,双重元素为Bi、Ti、Ni、W、Mg、Ca、TI、Mo、V、Fe、Zr、Ba,其余16种为非富集元素;颗粒物中离子质量分数在夏季最大为9.31%,春季、秋季、冬季的离子质量分数相差不大,其中Ca2+、NO₃-、Cl-、SO₄2-占总离子质量的80%左右;碳素中w（OC）和w（EC）的季节变化均为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,OC/EC[w（OC）/w（EC）]的季节变化规律为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.不同季节w（OC）和w（EC）的相关性大小为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.对PM_2.5中化学组分来源分析表明,污染元素受机动车和建筑尘影响较大,与机动车尾气相比,机动车磨损造成的污染也不容小视;燃煤影响一直存在,但供暖期污染有所改善.机动车尾气、建筑尘及土壤尘对离子均有贡献,在夏季土壤尘、建筑尘、二次反应的综合影响较大,春季土壤尘影响更为突出.碳在夏秋季节受汽车尾气和建筑尘的影响较大,夏季二次反应影响不大;冬季除气象因素外,燃煤和生物质燃烧也不可忽视;春季土壤尘影响较为突出.      

北京市西三环地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特性

于2012年3—12月在北京市西三环地区按粒径分6级采集大气颗粒物样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对颗粒物样品中16种优控PAHs(多环芳烃)进行分析. 结果表明:颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)(PAHs的总质量浓度)季节变化显著,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,并且与ρ(PM)(PM为颗粒物)呈良好线性相关;不同粒径颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)呈向小粒子富集的趋势,PM_2.1中ρ(PAHs)约占ρ_sum(∑₁₆PAHs)〔6级颗粒物中ρ(∑₁₆PAHs)总和〕的64%~87%;除夏季3环PAHs占优势外,其他季节均以4~ 5环PAHs占优势;同时,随着粒径的减小,PAHs有向高环数富集的趋势. 运用主成分分析和多元线性回归法进行源解析发现,机动车尾气排放和燃煤是本地区大气颗粒物中PAHs的主要来源;不同粒径颗粒物中的PAHs来源有差异,2.1~10.2μm粒径段颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于机动车尾气排放,贡献率为63.0%;而1.3~2.1μm和<1.3μm的颗粒物中PAHs均主要来源于燃煤,贡献率分别为56.8%和58.7%.      

新疆天山夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布的影响

使用宽范围粒径谱仪对天山白杨沟风景区2019年8月5-25日10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合气象要素数据,分析了天山地区夏季气象条件对气溶胶粒径分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季天山地区10 nm~10 μm气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度平均为3539.2 cm^-3、116.5 μm²·cm^-3和17.6 μm³·cm^-3.不同降水过程对气溶胶数浓度的影响不同.不同降水过程中气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布,持续时间长的小雨和毛毛雨对气溶胶数浓度谱谱形的影响较小,而降雨量较强的短时降水过程往往会使得气溶胶粒径谱峰值往大粒径段偏移.降雨过程气溶胶表面积浓度谱和体积浓度谱为多峰型分布,表面积浓度主要集中在30~500 nm的细粒子段,体积浓度主要集中在1~10 μm的粗粒子段.相对湿度（RH）对核模态气溶胶数浓度和积聚模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较大,对爱根核模态气溶胶数浓度的影响较小.不同相对湿度条件下气溶胶数浓度谱均为单峰型分布.随着相对湿度的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱的峰宽呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这种变化趋势在<40 nm时更加显著.气溶胶数浓度、表面积浓度和体积浓度随风速风向的分布与能见度随风速风向的分布呈现相反的趋势.     

交通来源颗粒物粒径分布特征及其排放因子研究

贵阳市大关隧道交通颗粒物排放以0.3 μm颗粒为主,占总颗粒物数浓度的84％,粒径在2.5 μm、5.0 μm和10.0 μm的颗粒物占总颗粒物质量浓度的权重较大,3个粒径颗粒物质量浓度占总颗粒物质量浓度的94％.贵阳机动车道路排放因子PM2.5为0.017 g/km,PM1.为0.334 g/km.     

沈阳冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征

为分析沈阳市冬季灰霾日大气颗粒物元素粒径分布特征,2009年1月14日─2月2日,用安德森分级撞击式采样器进行大气颗粒物分级采样,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对各级样品中Na和K等30余种元素进行分析,讨论了灰霾日、非霾日及除夕日大气颗粒物元素质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布特征及来源. 结果表明:灰霾日大气颗粒物及其元素的质量浓度均高于非霾日,粒径越细,质量浓度越高,越容易富集污染元素.Fe类元素以地壳元素为主,其质量浓度的粒径分布在非霾日呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;该类元素的粒径分布在灰霾日和除夕日呈三峰型,质量浓度的最高峰值也在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段. Mn类元素在非霾日的质量浓度分布与Fe类元素相似,也呈双峰型,最高峰值出现在9.0～10 μm粗粒径段;但其在灰霾日和除夕日呈双峰型,最高峰值却出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类和Zn类元素的质量浓度和富集因子的粒径分布均呈单峰型,峰值出现在粒径<1.1 μm的细粒径段. K类元素主要来源于烟花爆竹释放;Zn类元素主要源于人为污染,Pb和As等污染元素因其来源不同,在灰霾日和非霾日的表现也不相同.      

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.