连云港近海海域水质状况调查与评价

近海海域水环境对沿海城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。根据1997—2005年连云港近海海域水质监测资料，对海域的水质状况进行了分析和评价。结果表明，pH、DO和COD年际变幅不太且符合GB3097—1997第一类海水水质标准；1998—2002年油类含量超出国家二类水质标准，虽然近几年污染减弱，但总体来看，油类已成为该海域的主要污染物；无机氙和活性磷酸盐虽然没有超出二类标准，但逐年有上升趋势；NO3-N和NO2-N的全年最高值多在8、9、10月，与该季节河品泄洪将大量营养物质带八大海有关，有可能引发赤潮，应引起相关部门注意。     

灌河口附近海域水质状况调查研究

近海水域的水环境对沿海城市的可持续发展具有重要意义.根据2006年4、5月灌河口附近海域水质监测资料,对海域的水质状况进行了分析和评价研究.结果表明:pH符合《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997)Ⅰ类水质标准,DO、COD符合Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水质标准;油类含量的平均值在0.031～0.062mg/L间变化,水质符合Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水质标准;油类含量符合Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水质标准;无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量已经超过Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水质标准;灌河口附近特殊的潮流场及苏北沿岸流对污染物质的空间分布格局的影响较大,建议对该海域进行大规模的水文监测分析,加强对海域环境的科学管理,以便及时采取对策.     

连云港近岸海域2011~2016年环境变化研究

依据2011年2月~2016年1月在连云港近岸海域进行的19个季节航次海洋环境综合调查结果,分析探讨了该海域主要海水要素的季节变化趋势和相关性,结合历史资料阐述和评价了海域的营养状态水平、环境质量现状及变化趋势,对存在的环境问题进行了分析.结果表明：研究海域水质状况总体良好;水质评价结果显示无机氮（DIN）是海域内最主要的环境污染因子,且DIN含量近年来有逐渐增加的趋势,年均值已经超过二类海水水质标准;此外其他环境污染因子是活性磷酸盐（DIP）、化学需氧量（COD）和油类.调查期间研究海域处于富营养化状态,潜在富营养化分析显示氮磷比值（N/P）有逐渐增加的趋势;绝大多数季节的有机污染状况为轻度污染状态.研究结论对科学、系统的认识和评估连云港近海生态环境现状及预测未来生态环境变化趋势具有重要的参考价值,对连云港近海海洋生态环境的可持续发展具有十分重要的科学意义和实际应用价值     

湛江港湾域水质状况调查及其评价

根据1998年11月到2001年5月对湛江港湾海域6期的监测结果，初步探讨了该海域环境因子的变化特征和营养水平。结果表明，该海域水质处于高氮状态，pH、SS、DO和CODcr的含量符合GB3097-1997第二类海水水质标准；DIN和油类超过第二类海水水质标准；DRP含量的逐年增高，湛江港湾海域目前已处于中度富营养化水平阶段。     

我国近海水体油类污染现状分析评价

基于中国近海海洋综合调查与评价国家908专项(908专项)中关于我国近海海域海水中油类含量数据(2006年7月14日至2007年12月29),据此数据对我国近海海水油类污染现状进行了分析评价.结果显示,各海域油类的测值和平均值除个别站位外,海水中油类均符合一二类国家海水水质标准.就各季油类平均含量高低相对比较而言,冬季...     

2004-2008年深圳市盐田区近海海水质量监测分析与研究

目的:通过调查监测大小梅沙、沙头角和盐田港四处海域水质卫生状况及分析影响因素,研究其规律性,为海域发展和管理对策的制定提供依据.方法:在2004--2008年依据国家标准<海洋监测规范第4部分:海水分析>(GB17378.4,7-2007).对大小梅沙,沙头角和盐田港四处海域范围的海水进行了采样分析,评价指标有氮、磷、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、铅、砷、镉等共19项;海水水质评价标准采用<中华人民共和国海水水质标准>(GB3097-1997).结果:表明四处海水质量总体上处于良好的状态,符合国家Ⅱ类海水水质标准;但在夏秋旅游旺季由于游客的增多和生活垃圾、废水排入,特别是接待游客量多的大梅沙、沙头角和盐田港;相比之下小梅沙水质保持得较好,结论:四海域海水水质状况良好,其中小梅沙管理较好,水质也稍优于其他三海域.在旅游旺季游客数量的激增是水质变差的主要原因,需要采取相应措施控制游客量和防治污染.     

龙口附近海域海水现状分析及变化趋势研究

依据2010年11月秋季在龙口附近海域进行的海洋环境综合调查结果,应用水质标准指数法、富营养化指数法和有机污染综合指数法对该海域的海水水质现状进行了分析和评价,结合历史资料探讨了主要污染因子在近25年间的累年变化趋势。结果显示:该海域2010年11月表层海水中各评价要素基本符合海水水质二类标准,最主要的污染物为石油类;近25年间主要污染因子的变化趋势总体是增加的,但相对幅度不大;该海域整体的富营养化水平处于临界状态,正处于开始受到有机污染的阶段。     

不同养殖水体溶解氧与环境因子关系的比较

根据2003年7月到2004年6月间对厦门铁道公司东山牙鲆工厂化养殖车间和同安湾网箱养殖区养殖水体水环境监测的资料分析整理而得.研究结果表明:东山牙鲆养殖车间的DO、NH4-N、NO2-N均达到了二类渔业水质标准,但COD偏高,超出四类渔业水质标准.在工厂化养殖中,由于受人为的影响,DO与其他环境因子不存在线性关系.而在同安湾,NH4-N、NO2-N、DO和COD均达到了二类渔业水质标准,同时DO与COD,DO与NH4-N之间都存在较好线性关系.     

红树林湿地景观格局与近海海域水质的相关分析以广西北海地区为例

在EVNI4.8、SPSS17.0与ARCGIS10.0软件平台的支持下,选择广西北海地区近海海域为研究区域,以2010年SPOT5高分多光谱数据为基础,运用双变量相关分析法,分析了红树林湿地景观格局与近海海域水质的相关性。结果表明:红树林湿地景观格局对近海海域水环境质量具有一定的表征作用。景观总面积、破碎度、多样性及优势种是表征水环境质量的主要指标。景观格局指数与水质参数之间存在一定的相关性:景观总面积(TLA)与透明度显著正相关,斑块个数(NumP)与盐度显著正相关、与化学需氧量(BOD)显著负相关,平均斑块分维数(MPFD)与氨盐(NH4+)显著负相关,平均斑块面积(MPAR)与亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、硝酸盐(NO3-)和无机磷(P)显著负相关,多样性(SDI)与汞(Hg)显著正相关。其余景观格局指数与水质参数指标在数量上的相关性不明显。     

一个三维水质预测模式在茂名近海的应用

通过建立一个三维陆架海数值模式来预报近海潮流、COD和油类浓度的对流扩散,并应用于沿岸海区—茂名近海海域的工程前期数值预测。预测结果表明,海区潮流的涨落与实测结果吻合;污染物在近海对流、扩散情形基本合理。这表明该模式可适合应用于河口、近岸等涉海海洋工程海域的流场及水质的三维数值预测,为相关的水动力环境要素和水质影响评价提供一定的参考价值。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.