Ti/PbO2电化学法降解废水中三种氟喹诺酮类抗生素

采用Ti/PbO₂阳极电解3种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素（诺氟沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星与盐酸环丙沙星）废水,通过优化pH值、电解质浓度条件,分析3种抗生素的去除效果、降解过程和产物.结果表明电化学法对3种氟喹诺酮类抗生素均有明显的降解效果,电解240min下的最优降解条件为pH值控制在7.8~8.0,电解质硫酸钠投加量为0.04mol/L.在最优条件下3种抗生素的去除率均大于97%,降解过程均符合一级动力学方程,UV₂₅₄值的去除率较高（去除率大于67%）,处理后废水的芳香度和SUVA值明显下降.液质联用分析结果和文献调研显示,电解有机产物主要通过脱氟、哌嗪环的转化和喹啉环的转化这三个途径生成,且随电解时间增加呈现先增后减的趋势,同时产生F^-、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-等无机物.Ti/PbO₂阳极能有效电解废水中3种典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素,可用作生物处理等方法的预处理.     

电-Fenton法处理苯酚废水影响因素的研究

采用电-Fenton法对含苯酚废水进行处理,以石墨为阴极、铁为阳极,并向阴极不断通入空气,电解过程产生的H2O2与阳极溶解的Fe2 形成Fenton试剂,Fenton试剂在电解过程中产生大量活性羟基自由基,能够很好地氧化降解废水中的苯酚.实验结果表明:影响苯酚去除率的因素主次顺序为pH值、电解质浓度、电解电压、电解时间、进水苯酚浓度.单因素分析得出电-Fenton法处理苯酚模拟废水的最优反应条件:pH值控制在2左右,反应时间为60 min,电解电压选10 V,Na2SO4的浓度为30 g/L,进水苯酚浓度为150 mg/L.在最优条件下苯酚的去除率为82%.     

复极性三维电极处理含酚废水的研究

实验研究了模拟含酚废水(100～500mg／L)在复极性三维电解槽中的电化学氧化过程。考察了电解时间、电解电压、支持电解质浓度、pH值及苯酚初始浓度对苯酚去除效果的影响，并确定适宜的反应条件。实验表明，在填充较少粒子的条件下，通入空气而处于分散悬浮状态的填充粒子可以综合利用阳极的直接氧化作用、阳极产生羟基自由基的间接氧化作用及阴极产生过氧化氢的间接氧化作用，从而在较低能耗的情况下，充分提高填充粒子的利用率，达到较好的苯酚降解效果。     

脉冲电解技术处理电镀废水的研究

本文利用脉冲电解从含氰含铜镍电镀废水中去除氰和回收铜镍,研究了脉冲电源的电解电压、占空比和脉冲频率等参数以及电解质的投加量对除氰率和铜镍回收率的影响,对比了脉冲电解与直流电解对含氰含铜镍废水的处理效果。结果表明,在循环流速100m L/min,曝气速率3.0L/min,p H值12的实验条件下,加入氯化钠16g/L,控制脉冲电源的电解电压5.5V、脉冲频率900Hz以及占空比50%,电解2.0h后,除氰率可达到95.7%,电解3.0h后,铜、镍回收率可分别达到87.5%和81.1%。     

电催化氧化法处理苯胺废水试验研究

根据正交实验结果分析电压、pH、电解质和电解时间对苯胺降解率的影响,得出电压的影响最大,pH的影响次之,再次是电解时间,而电解质的投加量对苯胺降解率的影响比较微弱。并为工业应用确定了反应条件：电解电压为6V,pH=8,电解时间为60min,Na2SO4浓度为9g/L。     

电解法处理活性染料废水的研究

某化工厂活性染料生产废水高CODCr值、高浓度、高色度、高盐分、成分复杂、有毒有害物质多、可生化性差。实验确定了废水经AS剂絮凝和电解预处理的研究方案。主要考察了电极极板材料、电解pH值、电解电压大小、电解时间和电极极板间距对CODCr去除效果的影响 ,从而确定了最佳电解条件 :采用石墨板电极 ,pH =3,电解电压 6 5V ,电解时间 5 0min ,电极极板间距 5cm。最佳条件下经放大实验 ,发现CODCr去除率高达 70 %以上。     

三维电极电解处理泡沫洗消废水的影响因素研究

以石墨电极为阳极,以不锈钢丝网为阴极,以活性炭和玻璃珠为填充粒子,研究了泡沫洗消废水在固定床三维电极反应器中的电化学氧化过程。分别考察了pH值、填充粒子比例、电解电压梯度等因素对废水中COD和LAS去除效果的影响,并确定了适宜的反应条件。实验结果表明,pH值对废水处理效果的影响不大,当填充粒子比例为1:1,电解电压梯度为10 V/cm时,废水可以获得较好的处理效果。     

电解氧化去除养殖废水中Cu、Zn的研究

实验采用电解氧化法在电解电压为5V、电解时间为60min的条件下对高浓度养猪场废水进行电解氧化处理。分析废液初始浓度和初始pH对电解效果的影响。结果表明：在初始CODcr浓度为10918mg/kg时,CODCr、Cu、Zn的去除率最高,分别达到了71.3%、81%、71%。另外,酸性条件下的电解效果较好,在初始CODCr为21836mg/L,pH=4时,CODCr、Cu、Zn去除率较高,分别高达73.2%、68.3%、63.2%,达到了很好的去除效果。     

铁碳微电解预处理ABS凝聚干燥工段废水

采用铁碳微电解系统对ABS（丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物）凝聚干燥工段废水进行预处理,重点研究了不同进水pH值对铁碳微电解处理效果的影响.为了研究铁碳微电解系统分解转化有毒难降解有机物污染物的电化学作用,分别建立了活性炭对照实验和铁对照实验.结果表明,不同进水pH值条件下,微电解处理后出水的TOC去除率均在40%～60%之间;微电解能够分解转化废水中的有毒难降解有机污染物,使废水的BOD₅/COD值由0.32提高到0.60以上,极大地提高了废水的可生化性;在进水pH值为4.0的条件下,微电解处理出水的BOD₅/COD值高达0.71,且进水pH值为4.0的条件下微电解对废水中有机污染物的分解转化效率最高.因此,铁碳微电解系统的最佳进水pH值为4.0.     

微电解/Fenton法预处理炼油碱渣的实验

采用铁碳微电解/Fenton试剂组合工艺对炼油碱渣废水混凝沉淀处理后出水,进行降解研究。实验结果表明:pH值为3,废水与铁碳填料的体积比为2∶1,微电解反应时间2 h,曝气的条件下,废水的处理效果最好,COD的去除率超过42.5%。Fenton试剂处理微电解反应出水的最佳操作条件是:pH值在2～3之间、反应时间2.5 h、Fe2+浓度为800 mg/L左右、H2O2浓度为0.25 mol/L,在此条件下,Fenton试剂处理微电解处理后的炼油碱渣废水COD平均去除率为63.8%以上,微电解/Fenton工艺对COD的总去除率在79.2%左右,可生化性由0.16提高到0.56。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.