膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较

在运行条件一致的情况下把膜-生物反应器(MBR)和传统活性污泥工艺(CAS)进行了比较研究.试验结果表明,MBR具有比CAS更为稳定良好的出水水质,其平均出水COD浓度为55.5mg/L,低于CAS工艺(79.7mg/L).MBR系统中由于膜对大分子物质的截留作用,运行前120d出现溶解性微生物产物的积累,但随着微生物的驯化,这些积累的微生物产物最后得到降解.CAS中未发生微生物产物的积累.CAS出水、MBR上清液以及MBR出水中的物质组成差别很大.CAS出水和MBR上清液中分子量大于60000的高分子物质与小于3000的小分子物质都占有相当大的比例,其中高分子物质在MBR上清液中的含量高于CAS系统;MBR出水中则主要是分子量小于3000的小分子物质.MBR污泥粒径较小,使得氧扩散速率得到提高.     

膜生物反应器处理毛纺废水的中试研究

采用中试规模(10t/d)的厌氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O MBR)处理毛纺印染废水.当HRT为7h,进水COD、BOD₅分别为179～358mg/L和44.8～206mg/L,试验系统对COD、BODs、色度、浊度的平均去除率分别为92.1%、98.4%、60.7%、98.9%,出水水质浓度或指标值分别为20.2mg/L、1.6mg/L、25倍、0.51 NTU.出水水质指标达到建设部生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89).A/O MBR工艺处理毛纺印染废水技术可行、操作简单、易于管理,可为工业规模应用提供技术参考.     

两种膜生物反应器处理养猪沼液的比较研究

养猪沼液有机物和氨氮浓度高,碳氮比低,生化处理难度大.本文对比研究了生物膜式膜生物反应器(biofilm membrane bioreactor,BF-MBR)和传统膜生物反应器(MBR)在进水化学需氧量(COD)和总氮(TN)比值分别为1.0±0.2和2.3±0.4条件下对养猪沼液的处理效果.结果表明,养猪沼液COD/TN为1.0±0.2时,两套反应器的出水水质都较差且波动较大.进水COD/TN比值提高到2.3±0.4后,两套系统的出水水质和运行稳定性均得到大幅度提高;BF-MBR对COD和氨氮的去除率分别为92.3%±2.4%和97.5%±4.1%,略优于MBR的91.9%±1.5%和91.2%±14.0%.与MBR相比,BF-MBR因生物膜的影响,对总氮和总磷去除率分别达36.7%±19.5%和54.0%±18.9%,显著高于MBR去除率19.2%±12.4%和29.0%±18.1%;BF-MBR系统比MBR减少了近40%的外加碱耗.BF-MBR比MBR有更好的污染物去除效果且消耗更少的外加碱剂,因此对处理沼液的适用性更好.     

MBR中水力条件对五孔中空纤维膜污染的研究

为了对五孔中空纤维膜在分置式膜生物反应器(MBR)处理模拟印染废水中膜污染特性进行研究,提出从水力学角度考察膜污染特性。在曝气强度分别为25,50,75,100 L/h,出水通量分别为9,12,15,18 L/(m2·h)的工况下考察膜污染表征系数跨膜压差(TMP)的变化情况。得出如下结论:出水通量稳定时,在一定范围内曝气强度的增加可使TMP的增长率降低,即延长膜稳定运行时间,有效缓解膜污染;在次临界通量下曝气量恒定时,出水通量越小,TMP的增长率越小,即膜的稳定运行时间越长。此实验结果对MBR中膜污染的有效控制和水力条件优化提供数据依据。     

臭氧-MBR工艺深度处理印染废水中试研究

采用臭氧-膜式生物反应器(MBR)工艺对某工业园印染废水二级生化处理出水进行了深度处理,达到企业回用水要求。结果表明,在进水COD低于100 mg/L、色度为40倍的条件下,当臭氧投加量为15～20 mg/L、MBR的水力停留时间为4～6 h、气水比为15∶1时,出水COD<40 mg/L、色度为2倍,出水水质可满足企业对回用水的水质要求。     

倒置A2/O-MBR处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR系统对COD、NH4+-N、TN、TP、出水SS、跨膜压差(TMP)的影响.结果表明,该系统对COD、NH4+-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB 18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg.L-1;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达90%左右;在膜丝未大量断裂前,系统出水SS小于10mg.L-1;随着系统的运行,TMP逐渐增大,不正确的曝气方式会导致TMP迅速增加.膜截留对COD、TP、SS有直接去除作用,由于膜滤出水中没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌在反应器中生长;当污泥浓度增加到6 500 mg.L-1左右,进水量增加0.5倍对出水水质影响很小.     

新型陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺在炼油废水处理中的应用

采用新型陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺处理实际炼油废水,考察了该工艺对COD、石油类物质的去除效果,同时研究了陶瓷平板膜在长期运行时的膜污染特性及膜清洗恢复情况,并探讨了陶瓷平板膜对石油类物质的抗污染性能。实验结果表明:陶瓷平板膜MBR工艺对炼油废水的处理效果较好,出水ρ(COD)<50 mg/L,ρ(石油类)<8 mg/L;长期运行时陶瓷平板膜跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)呈现出"3阶段"变化趋势;滤饼层污染是造成陶瓷平板膜污染的主要因素;污染后的陶瓷平板膜经过物理化学清洗后基本可以恢复到新膜状态,不存在严重的不可逆污染,这表明陶瓷平板膜对炼油废水中的石油类物质具有较强的抗污染性能。     

蠕虫在膜生物反应器和活性污泥法中的污泥减量研究

通过长达345d的中试规模试验,研究比较了蠕虫在膜生物反应器(MBR)和活性污泥法(CAS)的生长状况及其导致的污泥减量效果.CAS中的蠕虫生长状况明显优于MBR的蠕虫生长状况.MBR曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(10条·mg-1)远低于CAS曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(71条·mg-1),并且CAS中蠕虫连续保持高密度(>30条·mg-1)生长达172d.CAS中红斑瓢体虫和仙女虫交替成为优势蠕虫.蠕虫生长对MBR的污泥产率(0 40kg·kg-1)和污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数133mL·g-1)影响很小,但却能显著减少CAS的污泥产率(0 17kg·kg-1)和改善污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数为60mL·g-1).仙女虫比红斑瓢体虫能更大地减少污泥产量和更好地改善污泥沉降性能.蠕虫生长不影响MBR的COD去除率和出水水质,但却显著影响CAS的COD去除率和出水水质.     

厌氧反应器与好氧MBR组合工艺处理毛纺印染废水试验研究

采用厌氧反应器与膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺处理毛纺印染废水,结果表明,当进水COD、BOD₅和色度分别为128～321 mg/L、36～95 mg/L和40～70倍时,出水COD、BOD₅、色度、浊度的平均值分别为36.9 mg/L、3.7 mg/L、21倍、0.24 NTU,平均去除率分别达到80.3%%、95%、59%、99.3%,达到生活杂用水水质标准.在本研究中,开发了一种新型的利用生物反应器内液位水头重力驱动连续出水的重力出流式膜生物反应器.在保留MBR处理效率高等优点的同时,省去传统的一体式MBR出水抽吸泵及复杂的反冲洗设备.整个系统结构紧凑,投资少,操作简便.选择合适的曝气量有助于提高膜通量,且可降低膜阻力的上升速率,有利于膜污染的控制.     

膜生物反应器处理头孢类制药废水的试验研究

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)对头孢类制药废水厌氧处理出水进行处理,并与传统的活性污泥法进行比较。实验结果表明:COD的平均去除率达90%以上,污泥龄在40~50 d,污泥浓度控制在6 000~10 000 mg/L,MBR可长期稳定运行。出水COD、停留时间HRT等参数有很大程度的降低,出水基本无悬浮物,COD去除率好于传统活性污泥处理,系统抗负荷冲击能力强。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.