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鸭儿湖地区多氯代二苯并二/呋喃(PCDD/F)的污染状况及其来源归宿的初步研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
对鸭儿湖地区的底泥和土壤样品中的多氯代二苯并二( )/呋喃(PCDD/F)的污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,鸭儿湖部分地区已被PCDD/F严重污染,该类污染物来源于附近某化工厂排放的化工废水,其中,PCDD/F主要以高氯取代的HpCDDs和OCDD为主,总结我们的已有实验结果,鸭儿湖1号氧化塘中高残留的PCDD/F如果控制不当将会转移扩散,可能造成对周围环境的进一步污染. 相似文献
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本文对抚仙湖径流区黄磷废渣的排放状况进行了调查分析,阐述了废渣淋溶水的污染途径,被污染水源的水质特征。分析了黄磷废渣对抚仙湖的影响和危害,并提出减少抚仙湖磷污染负荷的防治对策。 相似文献
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降水对农田排水沟渠中氮磷流失的影响 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:9
以浙江嘉兴双桥农场为研究对象,分析降水对农田沟渠中氮、磷流失的影响,揭示氮、磷在降水径流中流失的一般规律. 在单晚稻生长期间,同步监测了施肥后的2次降水量和沟渠径流量,并对2次降水径流的全过程进行污染物含量的测定,对农田排水沟渠径流量与污染物含量随2次降水变化过程进行监测.结果表明:污染物含量变化呈现出大致相同的趋势,且污染物含量峰值比流量峰值提前2~3 h;在降水初期,污染物含量随径流量的增大而升高;随着流量的继续增大,含量呈下降趋势. 施肥后4 d内降水的农田沟渠中氮、磷随径流的流失量比4 d后大. 影响氮、磷流失的因素主要有降水量、降水时间间隔、径流量、施肥的种类和数量、土壤前期含水量以及沟渠中的沉积物等. 氮流失的主要形态为氨氮和硝氮;磷流失的主要形态为磷酸盐. 通过回归分析发现,径流量与氮、磷排放负荷间符合多项式关系. 相似文献
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对鸭儿湖地区的底泥和土壤样品中的多氯代二苯并二恶英/呋喃PCDD/F)的污染状况进行了研究,结果表明,鸭和湖部分地区已被PCDD/F严重污染,该类污染物来地附近某化工厂排放的化工废水,其中,PCDD/F主要以高氯取代的HPCDDs和OCDD为主,总结我们的已有实验结果,鸭儿湖1号氧化塘中高残留的PCDD/F如果控制不当将会转移扩散,可能造成对周围环境的进一步污染。 相似文献
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化工废水对红树林湿地的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用野外调查和采样分析的方法,研究了化工废水排放对红树林湿地中植物、水体和土壤的影响。结果表明:1)化工废水的流入加重了近排污口红树林湿地的水体有机污染,由于水体自净和红树林湿地净化作用,远排污口红树林湿地的水体有机污染则明显减轻;化工废水中的重金属大多沉积于排污口附近底泥中,流经红树林湿地时水体中重金属含量已大大降低;2)化工废水没有改变红树林土壤的质地,但降低了其pH值;红树林土壤对化工废水中的重金属吸附积累能力较强,可作为重金属的沉积地;3)化工废水的排放对红树林植物的生长造成了不良影响;红树林植物可吸收化工废水中的营养元素而为自身利用,重金属元素被红树林植物吸收后大多积累在根部;重金属从根部运送到茎、叶的迁移率大致为Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb;4)研究认为利用红树林湿地处理化工废水时应进行废水的预处理,以免对红树植物的生长造成不良影响。 相似文献
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以杭州市富阳区典型工矿企业附近农田为研究对象,基于单因子指数法及内梅罗指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价,并采用稳定同位素与多元素特征指纹结合多元统计定量解析研究区内农田土壤重金属铅污染的来源,建立基于铅稳定同位素与多元素特征指纹结合主成分-聚类分析的农田土壤铅污染源解析技术.结果表明:研究区域内电镀厂和冼矿场附近的农田土壤受重金属污染很严重,两个地区的铅污染均达到重度污染水平.根据不同污染源及土壤的铅同位素比值(207Pb/206Pb、208Pb/206Pb),利用源解析软件Isosource分析不同潜在污染源对土壤铅污染的贡献率,结果显示电镀废弃物、废水对电镀厂附近农田土壤铅污染的累计贡献率达70.5%,冼矿场堆放的矿石、尾矿对附近农田土壤铅污染的累计贡献率达71.7%.为了进一步解析土壤铅污染来源,对电镀厂和冼矿场污染源样品中28种多元素含量进行主成分-聚类分析,结果显示不同来源样品的多元素组成差别较大,电镀厂附近农田土壤的多元素组成与电镀废弃物和废水相似度最高,冼矿场附近农田土壤的多元素组成与矿石和尾矿相似度最高.因此,基于铅稳定同位素比值与多元素特征指纹结合主成分-聚类分析得出电镀厂排放的固废、废水和冼矿场堆放的矿石、尾矿是造成附近土壤铅污染的主要原因,也证明基于铅稳定同位素与多元素特征进行铅污染源解析具有较高的准确度和可靠性. 相似文献
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流域土壤基质与非点源磷污染物作用的3种模式及其环境意义 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
以华北地区典型农业流域为研究对象,针对流域不同空间分布和干扰程度下的土壤基质与污染径流中磷素的相互作用过程进行了模拟研究.研究发现,土壤基质与磷的作用过程呈3种模式,持留型、释放型及持留-释放转换型.持留型土壤基质对污染径流中磷酸盐具有较强的吸附作用,能有效持留径流中的磷素;释放型土壤基质则以解吸过程为主导,向径流中释放大量的磷素;持留-释放转换型土壤基质则呈动态性,当径流中磷酸盐含量较低时,解吸过程占优,以磷素释放为主,当径流中磷酸盐含量较高时,吸附过程占优,以磷素持留为主.结果表明,在自然环境及人类干扰的作用下,流域异质性景观下的土壤基质与非点源污染物的作用过程差异明显,其生态功能具有时空动态性.从非点源污染发生的角度来看,在空间上,土壤基质可成为污染物的汇或释放源;在时间上,同一区域存在源-汇功能的动态转化.因此,异质性景观中土壤基质与污染物作用过程动态机制的认识与判定,对于流域尺度上有效控制非点源污染十分关键. 相似文献
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不同有机肥中磷在土壤剖面中累积迁移特征与有效性差异 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5
为明确连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的分布规律和迁移特征,探讨不同有机肥磷投入下农田磷负荷.通过4 a连续田间定位试验,定量化研究连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的累积迁移特征与有效性差异.结果表明:(1)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,肥料中磷主要积累在0~15 cm表层土壤,土壤全磷、速效磷含量均随土壤深度增加逐渐降低;连续4 a施用高量有机肥后,其带入的磷可明显迁移到15~30 cm土层,施用高量猪粪速效磷可迁移到60~90 cm土层.(2)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,土壤表层中速效磷占全磷比例增加,且高用量与低用量之间差异显著.土壤剖面中速效磷占全磷比例的大小顺序为:猪粪处理鸡粪处理污泥处理磷肥处理.(3)施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥和磷肥后土壤表层中速效磷含量随磷投入量增加呈先增加后平缓的规律.(4)本试验条件下,不同有机肥相同磷投入下对表层土壤速效磷贡献存在较大差异,表现为:猪粪鸡粪污泥.猪粪带入磷的生物有效性和移动性明显高于鸡粪、污泥和磷肥. 相似文献
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淹水土壤土-水界面磷素迁移转化研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
通过室内PVC土槽实验,模拟了淹水条件下土壤上覆淹水和孔隙水中磷的释放及其影响因素Eh值、pH值、Fe2 、Fe3 和溶解有机质(DOC),以及土壤中无机磷组分的转化,并通过偏最小二乘主成分分析法分析影响磷迁移转化的因素,得到主要影响因子.实验结果表明,54d淹水期间,上覆淹水可溶性磷浓度大于孔隙水的磷浓度,前者累积释磷量是后者的16倍;土壤磷的释放主要以Fe-P、O-P和Al-P为主, Ca-P基本不变,其中以Fe-P的贡献最大,淹水期间比初始值减少了30.4%~72%;主成分分析表明, Eh值、Fe2 Fe3 和DOC是影响上覆淹水磷释放的主要因子, DOC络合Fe2 和Fe3 成水溶性三元复合体,释磷机制以络合增溶为主;DOC是影响土壤孔隙水磷释放主要因子,释磷机制以竞争吸附为主,高浓度铁离子的存在阻止了孔隙水中磷释放. 相似文献
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施用磷酸盐和沸石对土壤镉形态转化的影响 总被引:21,自引:12,他引:9
本试验在室内模拟外源Cd污染土壤,研究了磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二铵和沸石单独施用,以及沸石和磷酸氢二钾、沸石和磷酸氢二铵二者配施,对Cd污染土壤形态变化的影响.结果表明,施用不同改良剂后,土壤交换态Cd含量出现不同程度降低,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量增加.与对照相比,单独施用磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二铵和沸石,以及沸石和磷酸氢二钾配施、沸石和磷酸氢二铵配施分别使土壤有效Cd含量降低25.2%~51.7%、21.6%~46.8%、6.4%~23.2%、38.6%~61.4%和34.1%~56.4%.各处理均能提高土壤速效磷含量,且土壤速效磷含量与有效态Cd含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数r=-0.902 6,各处理之间土壤p H值与有效态Cd含量存在负相关关系.由此可知,在施用磷酸盐和天然沸石条件下,土壤速效磷含量的变化是降低土壤镉有效性的主要因素. 相似文献
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白洋淀流域氮、磷、COD负荷估算及来源解析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于DEM数据,运用GIS工具划分子流域,并提取土地利用和土壤类型等空间相关资料,通过文献调研和区域情况调查获取模型参数,建立白洋淀流域氮、磷、COD污染负荷模型,并进行污染源解析.结果表明:流域氮负荷为31815.47t/a,主要来自种植和土壤侵蚀,贡献率分别为26.52%和21.03%;磷负荷为3873.33t/a,主要来自土壤侵蚀和种植,贡献率分别为30.78%和25.80%;流域COD负荷为110728.52t/a,主要来自畜禽养殖和城镇污水,贡献率分别为43.47%和23.53%.总体分析表明,种植、畜禽养殖、土壤侵蚀和城镇污水是影响白洋淀流域氮、磷、COD污染物的主要来源,需优先施以管控. 相似文献
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Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced
by excessive phosphorus applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy
metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50,
100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of
varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water
extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively
high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the
sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil
solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of
Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In
contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications.
The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for
adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM. 相似文献
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O.P. Yakutina 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,140(1-2):57-61
Water erosion as a result of spring snowmelt damages agricultural land and is accompanied by great losses of plant nutrients, including a considerable amount of phosphorus. The main objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to examine the distribution of total phosphorus (TP) and plant available phosphorus (K2SO4-P) in deposited sediment; and (2) to evaluate the phosphorus pool of eroded and drift soils by TP and fractional mineral phosphorus (FPmin) content. This study was carried out on Haplic Chernozem (non-eroded, moderately eroded, and strongly eroded) and stratified, slightly drift Colluvic Regosol in the southeastern part of West Siberia on slopes under both virgin and 5-year natural fallow conditions. Soils and deposited sediment were analysed for total, plant-available and fractional mineral phosphorus. The mineral phosphorus forms were classified into the following groups: fraction PI – phosphate of alkaline metals and NH4, acid and fresh-precipitated Ca (Mg)-P, Fe2+; fraction PII – base-different Ca (Mg)-P, Fe2+; fraction PIII – Al-P; fraction PIV – Fe-P; fraction PV – Ca-P apatite type. The distribution and content of the TP and K2SO4-P in the deposited sediment was similar in character and was accumulated in the fine soil particles. The content (mg P kg?1) of total phosphorus decreased and the sum of all mineral phosphorus fractions increased in the soils situated on the slope in the following order: non-eroded (1308 TP, 249 FPmin) to moderately eroded (785 TP, 279 FPmin) to strongly eroded (567 TP, 344 FPmin). The approach of A, AB and B horizons to the soil surface enriched the 0–20-cm layer of the eroded soils with calcium phosphates of the apatite type hardly available to plants. The drift soil exhibited the maximum content of total phosphorus (916 TP) and the sum of all mineral phosphorus fractions (414 FPmin), especially were enriched in the first two fractions. 相似文献
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Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 (optimum pH 3.5). The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil (used in planting trees) and rice soil (originating as red soil). The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil. 相似文献
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为研究溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用,通过PVK平板法从石灰性土壤中分离筛选出7株溶磷细菌,7株菌株的溶磷能力在296.5~563.5 mg/L之间,菌株的溶磷能力与溶磷圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值呈显著正相关(p<0.01);16sRNA序列分析表明,W1、W6属于Enterobacter sp.,W2、W4属于Burkholderia sp.,W3、W5属于Rahnella sp.,W7属于Fluorescent pseudomonas。选择W3、W4、W7作为试验菌株,以磷酸三钙、磷矿粉为难溶态磷源,研究单菌株及组合菌株在配施难溶态磷酸盐条件下对复垦土壤有效磷、各形态无机磷含量及油菜产量的影响。结果表明,同一底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量显著高于基质处理(p<0.05),组合菌株处理优于单菌株处理,W3+W4+W7处理两项指标都最高;在溶磷细菌+磷酸三钙底物下,W3+W4+W7处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量分别比单施溶磷细菌、溶磷细菌+磷矿粉两个底物下同一处理显著增加94.81%、40.25%和34.13%、9.43%;相同底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量都高于基质处理,Ca10-P含量小于基质处理,O-P含量与基质处理差异不显著。这一结果可为溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用技术的研发提供理论基础。 相似文献