流域土壤基质与非点源磷污染物作用的3种模式及其环境意义

以华北地区典型农业流域为研究对象,针对流域不同空间分布和干扰程度下的土壤基质与污染径流中磷素的相互作用过程进行了模拟研究.研究发现,土壤基质与磷的作用过程呈3种模式,持留型、释放型及持留-释放转换型.持留型土壤基质对污染径流中磷酸盐具有较强的吸附作用,能有效持留径流中的磷素;释放型土壤基质则以解吸过程为主导,向径流中释放大量的磷素;持留-释放转换型土壤基质则呈动态性,当径流中磷酸盐含量较低时,解吸过程占优,以磷素释放为主,当径流中磷酸盐含量较高时,吸附过程占优,以磷素持留为主.结果表明,在自然环境及人类干扰的作用下,流域异质性景观下的土壤基质与非点源污染物的作用过程差异明显,其生态功能具有时空动态性.从非点源污染发生的角度来看,在空间上,土壤基质可成为污染物的汇或释放源;在时间上,同一区域存在源-汇功能的动态转化.因此,异质性景观中土壤基质与污染物作用过程动态机制的认识与判定,对于流域尺度上有效控制非点源污染十分关键.

Three Patterns of Interaction Between Soil and Non-point Source P-pollutants in Agricultural Watershed

Typical agricultural watershed was selected to study the interactions between soil matrix and non-point source P-pollutants in surface runoff under simulative conditions. The soil samples were taken in different spatial locations in this watershed and were under different degree of human disturbance. The results showed that the interactions between different soil matrix and phosphorus could be divided into three patterns:retention, release and combination of retention and release. Soil of retention pattern has strong adsorption capacity of phosphate and will retain phosphorus from polluted runoff. Soil of release pattern has significant desorption capacity of phosphate and will release phosphorus to the runoff. Soil of retention and release combination pattern will retain or release phosphorus according to the phosphate concentration in the polluted runoff. These results showed that soil matrix in different spatial locations in the agricultural watershed have different ecological functions and environmental values under the processing of natural conditions and human disturbance. From the view of occurrence of non-point source pollution, these soils could become the sink of pollutants as well as the source of pollutants. Under some conditions, there has a conversion between sink and source of them. These results are valuable for control of non-point source pollution on watershed level, identification of key source area of pollutants and improvement of efficiency of control measures.