流域土壤基质与非点源磷污染物作用的3种模式及其环境意义

以华北地区典型农业流域为研究对象,针对流域不同空间分布和干扰程度下的土壤基质与污染径流中磷素的相互作用过程进行了模拟研究.研究发现,土壤基质与磷的作用过程呈3种模式,持留型、释放型及持留-释放转换型.持留型土壤基质对污染径流中磷酸盐具有较强的吸附作用,能有效持留径流中的磷素;释放型土壤基质则以解吸过程为主导,向径流中释放大量的磷素;持留-释放转换型土壤基质则呈动态性,当径流中磷酸盐含量较低时,解吸过程占优,以磷素释放为主,当径流中磷酸盐含量较高时,吸附过程占优,以磷素持留为主.结果表明,在自然环境及人类干扰的作用下,流域异质性景观下的土壤基质与非点源污染物的作用过程差异明显,其生态功能具有时空动态性.从非点源污染发生的角度来看,在空间上,土壤基质可成为污染物的汇或释放源;在时间上,同一区域存在源-汇功能的动态转化.因此,异质性景观中土壤基质与污染物作用过程动态机制的认识与判定,对于流域尺度上有效控制非点源污染十分关键.     

Control of diffuse P-pollutants by multiple buffer/detention structures by Yuqiao Reservoir, North China

A case study on the transport process of agricultural diffuse P-pollutants was conducted in an experimental watershed locating in the north bank of Yuqiao Reservoir during 2001 and 2002. It was found that diversified artificial and natural buffer/detention landscape structures distributing along the ephemeral stream channel in this watershed played an important role of pollutants removal on downstream water quality, especially they have control effect on the diffuse P-pollutants transport process. Surface flow velocity was reduced sharply after passing through theses tructures. During continuous runoff events, the removal rate of TSS, TP, TDP, DRP by the whole system were 66.7%, 60.7%, 48.4%, and 43.3%, respectively. During discontinuous runoff events, removal rate of pollutants by the whole system was higher due to there was no or little surface water and pollutants exported from the watershed, of which removal rate of pollutants all exceeded 99%. The statistical analysis results of runoff events( n=8) indicated that dry pond was the steadiest structure for controlling diffuse P-pollutants export.