轿车内苯系物的健康风险评价

为分析车内苯系物污染对不同性别驾乘人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险,对65辆轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)进行评价;提出车内苯的基本致癌风险浓度与危险致癌风险浓度概念及其计算公式,并与国内外相关标准中苯系物浓度标准限值进行对比分析. 结果表明:65辆轿车内空气中苯系物H_fz(综合非致癌指数)的最大值为0.44,低于US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)规定的非致癌风险基本值(1),对乘客与司机均不存在非致癌风险;但苯对司机H_za(致癌指数)的平均值为129.3×10-6,致癌风险较高;苯对男性乘客、女性乘客、男性司机与女性司机的C_wx(危险致癌风险浓度)分别为450.0、470.0、67.5和70.4 μg/m3. GB/T 27630—2011《乘用车内空气质量评价指南》中苯浓度标准限值对司机H_za的平均值为1.59×10-4,大于US EPA规定的苯致癌风险危险值(1×10-4),构成致癌危害;苯系物浓度标准限值对司机H_fz的平均值为1.15,构成非致癌危害. 轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的合理限值分别为0.068、1.000、1.350和1.350 mg/m3.      

某芳烃装置职业暴露苯致癌风险评估

目的:对苯长期职业性暴露下的致癌风险进行定量评价,以期为职业肿瘤等严重职业病的防控提供依据。方法:选取某大型芳烃装置作业人员为研究对象,利用目前国际上普遍采用的四段法对某芳烃装置苯长期职业性暴露下的致癌风险进行定量评价;通过对工作场所中的职业危害因素进行辨识,收集相关的动物实验、人群流行病学数据等资料,再根据工作场所中实际的环境暴露浓度,建立内暴露的剂量-反应评价多阶模型,运用蒙特卡洛模拟方法得到职业暴露人群在此环境下长期工作所存在的患癌风险概率。结果:该芳烃装置相关工作人员90%情况下苯暴露致癌风险低于2.55×10~(-4)。结论:该装置工人苯暴露的致癌风险超过可接受的致癌风险水平,需要及时采取相应措施降低风险。     

天津某家具城挥发性有机物健康风险评估

为了解家具城室内空气中挥发性有机物的污染状况,对其职工进行慢性暴露健康风险评估,于2011年夏(6月)和2012年秋(10月)对天津某家具城进行了空气采样,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析污染物浓度.分析得出,家具城室内污染物浓度约高出室外1.9倍,以芳香族化合物和卤代烷烃为主,萜烯也占一定比例,特征VOCs为二氯甲烷、甲苯和α-蒎烯;苯系物浓度明显低于《室内空气质量标准》的限值.苯和二氯甲烷的致癌风险分别为1.24×10-5、2.50×10-5,存在潜在的人群致癌风险;VOCs非致癌危害指数之和小于1,在可接受范围内.健康效应分析表明,工龄和心率及肺通气功能不存在偏相关关系.暴露组和对照组尿中苯巯基尿酸(S-PMA)和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的生物监测及分析表明,在低暴露条件下,吸烟是影响S-PMA浓度的重要因素,但在较高暴露条件下,其影响减弱;S-PMA浓度和8-OHdG正相关,与性别、吸烟与否以及年龄有关,还可能与工龄有关.     

成都市大气环境VOCs污染特征及其健康风险评价

于2012年9月,在成都市分别选取代表城市大气环境和路边大气环境的两个采样点对大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样,对不同大气环境中VOCs的浓度水平与变化特征、组成和反应活性进行分析,并对其中的芳香烃化合物进行健康风险评价.结果表明,成都市城市大气环境和路边大气环境中TVOCs的平均质量浓度分别为(108.57±52.43)μg·m~(-3)和(132.61±49.31)μg·m~(-3),不同大气环境中各烃类物质浓度均呈现出烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃的趋势;城市和路边大气环境中芳香烃和烯烃对臭氧生成潜势(OFP)贡献较大,关键物种均为间/对二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、邻二甲苯和丙烯;不同大气环境中的苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯(BTEX)对人体的非致癌风险和危害指数均小于1,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险;致癌物质苯对人体的致癌风险高于安全阈值1.00E-06,对暴露人群可能存在致癌风险.     

石化工业园员工PAHs的皮肤暴露及健康风险

本文选取典型石化城市茂名市某石化工业园30名员工(男女各15名)进行裸露(额头、手掌)和遮蔽皮肤部位(前臂、小腿)的擦拭采样,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定了擦拭样品中15种多环芳烃的浓度(∑₁₅PAHs)并计算了经皮肤暴露和手-口接触的人体暴露剂量。结果表明,皮肤样品中∑₁₅PAHs的浓度范围为21~1.9×10⁴ng/m²,不同部位间PAHs浓度存在显著性差异(P<0.01),表现为额头>手掌>前臂>小腿。PAHs以3~4环PAHs组成为主。男女性别间PAHs组成无显著差异,∑₁₅PAHs女性高于男性,但无统计差异性。经皮肤吸收的PAHs日暴露剂量(DAD_derm)女性[41ng/(kg×d)]显著高于男性[28ng/(kg×d)]。手-口接触暴露剂量[0.34ng/(kg×d)]相比于皮肤暴露剂量[34ng/(kg×d)]可忽略不计。皮肤暴露剂量主要来自裸露部位皮肤的贡献(88%)。风险评价结果表明,PAHs的皮肤暴露和手-口接触暴露不存在明显的非致癌风险;但约7%员工的皮肤致癌风险高于可接受的水平(10^-4),表明存在一定的PAH致癌风险。     

家具制造过程中VOCs的来源分析及环境健康风险评价

目前国内外仅对家具生产中涂装环节VOCs的来源进行分析,且主要关注的是家具制造完成之后释放的VOCs及其对室内空气的影响,因此本文对完整家具制造过程中VOCs的来源进行探究,并引入蒙特卡罗模拟方法,运用改进的概率风险评估模型,对家具制造过程中贴皮、喷底漆、喷面漆、清洗、喷胶、粘棉、巡检等工序9个工位的工人进行致癌和非致癌健康风险评价,并筛选出对健康风险影响较大的暴露参数.结果表明,喷底漆、喷面漆工序使用的各类油漆、稀释剂和固化剂会产生苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、丁酮、环己酮、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯等VOCs,贴皮工序、喷胶工序、粘棉工序使用的胶水类化学原料会产生二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯,清洗工序用到的脱漆剂会产生二氯甲烷;暴露于苯和二氯甲烷的各工位致癌风险值均超过10~(-6),除暴露于苯的擦色、喷底漆和巡检工位外,其它各工位超过10~(-6)的概率皆大于95%,喷面漆工人的苯致癌风险最大,为3.07×10~(-6)±1.73×10~(-6),贴皮工人的二氯甲烷致癌风险最大,为5.14×10~(-6)±2.70×10~(-6),另外,各工位中只有喷面漆工人的非致癌风险大于1;暴露持续时间(ED)、致癌物的浓度(C)、呼吸速率(InhR)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF)是对致癌风险影响较大的参数,体重(BW)对致癌风险具有负敏感度.除浓度外,对非致癌风险结果影响较大的暴露参数依次为:暴露持续时间(ED)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF).     

制鞋工业区环境空气中BTEX污染特征及健康风险评价

研究制鞋工业区空气中BTEX的污染特征以及健康风险评价。于2012年10月份,对某制鞋工业区周围环境空气中的BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯及邻二甲苯)浓度进行监测,应用美国环境保护署(EPA)健康风险评价的方法对空气中苯的人群癌症风险以及非致癌风险进行评价。结果显示,该制鞋工业区空气中BTEX的质量浓度呈现明显的一次污染物日变化特征,即早晚较高,中午较低。BTEX对人体的非致癌风险危害商值在0.01~0.80之间,危害指数为0.95,对暴露人群存在潜在的非致癌风险;而苯的癌症风险值为1.90×10-4,超出了美国EPA制定的1.0×10-6的安全限值,对周围居民存在较大的致癌风险。     

农用土壤重金属多受体健康风险评价模型及实例应用

综合考虑了我国现有土壤重金属污染评价体系的不足,基于美国环保署(USEPA)现行的土壤健康风险评价体系,建立了土壤重金属污染的多受体健康风险评价模型。利用所建模型对案例污染场地土壤进行了健康风险评价,结果表明:所涉及暴露途径的平均暴露剂量的排序为:误食土壤暴露途径的重金属暴露剂量(ADD s)>皮肤接触途径的重金属暴露剂量(ADD a)>蔬菜经口暴露途径的重金属暴露剂量(ADD f);案例区域重金属总非致癌风险HIHQ Cr>HQ Cd>HQ Cu,对人体基本上不会造成非致癌健康危害,但儿童作为敏感受体,其HI children接近于1;案例区域重金属总致癌风险对于成人和儿童二类受体而言都远超过了国际认可的致癌风险限值1×10-6,分别达R adult(1.89×10-3)和R children(1.41×10-2),且致癌风险的主要贡献途径为误食土壤暴露途径和皮肤接触途径,故农业职业人群已存在较大风险,相关部门应立即有针对性的采取控制和宣传教育手段来缓解该风险。     

宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周围土壤重金属污染与健康风险评估

以宝鸡市长青镇冶炼厂周围土壤为研究对象,分析了Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu的含量,评估了其健康风险,对污染源进行解析。研究结果表明:Pb、Zn、Cr和Cu的含量均高于背景值,且从表层向下浓度逐渐降低;均处于中污染-重污染以内,污染顺序为:Pb≥Cr≥Zn>Cu;儿童日暴露量、单因子非致癌健康风险和总非致癌健康风险均大于成人,成人和儿童的日暴露量和非致癌健康风险顺序为经口摄入>皮肤接触吸收>呼吸吸入,均不存在非致癌健康风险和总风险;Cr对儿童经呼吸暴露的致癌健康风险大于成人,且均不可能造成致癌健康影响;源解析显示Pb、Cr和Cu具有相同的污染源,而Zn有不同的污染源。     

基于中国人群暴露风险的室内苯健康限值推导

收集了我国29个省级行政区的464个室内苯浓度数据,基于中国人群暴露参数计算了我国成年人群在不同室内场景的苯暴露致癌风险;应用蒙特卡洛方法推导我国室内苯浓度健康阈值.结果表明,全国各类场景的室内苯浓度几何均值为0.030mg/m³.4种室内场景中,职业暴露场所具有最高的苯残留水平,均值为0.052mg/m³;居室暴露风险贡献最大,人群终生致癌风险为9.30×10^-5;基于中国人群暴露参数推导的健康限值为0.020mg/m³,略低于我国修改后的《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2022）中规定苯的限值.我国部分居民存在高于可接受水平的室内苯暴露的致癌风险,居室暴露风险尤其值得关注.室内苯标准的修改和实施有利于室内苯污染的控制和降低人群苯暴露致癌风险.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.