高温高湿环境对车辆装备的影响及防护对策

高温高湿环境条件对车辆装备性能有着至关重要的影响。为了提高新时期我军车辆装备保障能力,就必须做好车辆装备的的防护管理。首先介绍了高温高湿地区气候环境的特点,分析了其对车辆装备的主要影响,最后提出了车辆装备防护管理的对策。     

装备环境工程

正报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性的预计和综合评价技术研究,材料的腐蚀和老化机理研究,装备的失效和损伤分析研究,耐蚀材料研究和涂料技术研究,电化学保护及防锈技术研究,运输包装技术研究,其它提高装备耐环境能力技术的研究及相关仪器设备开发研究等专业范围。     

装备环境工程

正报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性的预计和综合评价技术研究,材料的腐蚀和老化机理研究,装备的失效和损伤分析研究,耐蚀材料研究和涂料技术研究,电化学保护及防锈技术研究,运输包装技术研究,其它提高装备耐环境能力技术的研究及相关仪器设备开发研究等专业范围。     

某型地面武器系统严寒地区保障问题与对策研究

目的 破解特殊自然环境影响产生的某型地面武器系统保障难题。方法 根据历史故障情况,采用FMEA(Failure Mode Effect Analysis,故障模式影响分析)进行低温影响分析,采用Pearson相关系数法分析低温与武器系统故障关系,应用回归分析进行严寒条件下装备故障情况预测。结合实际应用情况,全面系统总结该型地面武器系统在严寒条件下,使用和保障过程中可能出现的技术准备、性能指标、信息体系构建、伪装防护、维修保障相关问题。结果 得出某型地面武器系统低温情况下故障数量与温度负相关的结论,且预测在严寒条件下该型武器系统故障数量将大幅上升。通过总结保障经验,有针对性地提出了配置地域、物资筹措、安全运输、维护保障、维修训练等方面的对策措施。结论 根据作战任务的等级转换、机动输送、战前集结、战斗抗击和战后总结等环节,提出装备保障流程建议,以提高严寒地区某型地面武器系统保障效能。     

特殊人工环境下电子战装备的防护

简述了烟尘环境、核环境、电磁辐射环境和生化有毒沾染环境等4种特殊人工环境对电子战装备的影响,重点对电子战装备在各种特殊人工环境下的防护措施作了一些探讨。最后指出开展这方面研究的重要性。     

沿海地区无人机装备环境适应性分析

针对沿海地区无人机装备所处的特殊气候环境,结合装备的使用和实验,分析了霉菌、盐雾、高温、潮湿等主要因素对无人机装备的影响机理,总结了无人机装备在沿海地区受环境因素的侵蚀规律,最后从结构设计、材料选取以及装备日常保养等方面给出了提高无人机装备环境适应性的具体措施.     

装备环境工程

正报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性     

装备环境工程

正报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性     

装备环境工程

报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性     

装备环境工程

正报道的主要内容:1自然环境、诱发环境中,由气候环境条件因素(温度、湿度、盐雾、气压、沙尘、风等)、机械环境条件因素(振动、冲击、跌落、离心、爆炸等)、生物因素(昆虫、霉菌等)、辐射因素(太阳辐射、核辐射、电磁波辐射等)和人为因素(使用、维护、包装、运载平台等)对装备和材料造成的腐蚀、老化、失效和损伤等方面的相关专业研究和防护技术研究。包括先进的环境适应性设计研究,装备环境适应性的预计和综合评价技术研究,材料的腐蚀和老     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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