碱改性净水污泥对水中氨氮的吸附效能研究

采用氢氧化钠浸渍法改性净水污泥,研究了碱改性净水污泥对水中NH+4的去除性能.同时,考察了模拟废水pH、吸附剂投加量、NH+4初始浓度、吸附温度及吸附时间对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,当pH为弱酸性或中性,投加碱改性净水污泥20 g·L-1时,在室温下对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的NH+4模拟废水振荡吸附120 min,可达到氨氮排放二级标准.将实验数据分别用吸附等温模型和动力学模型进行拟合,发现净水污泥对NH+4的吸附符合Langmuir模型和二级动力学模型,且净水污泥对氨氮的吸附包括静电吸引和离子交换两种作用机理.     

活性污泥对四环素的吸附性能研究

通过批量平衡法研究了四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为.结果表明,污泥混合液浓度和四环素初始浓度对吸附平衡时间、污泥吸附量和污泥吸附率均有较大影响.伪二级反应动力学模型较伪一级反应动力学模型更符合本吸附实验.在10、25℃条件下,四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为较符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量分别是31.14、70.95 mg.g-1;在40℃下,符合Henry模型.应用D-R模型判定吸附类型,10℃(平均吸附能为9.13 kJ.mol-1)下,化学吸附占主导;40℃(平均吸附能为7.07 kJ.mol-1)下,物理吸附占主导.温度升高,污泥对四环素的吸附能力增大.离子交换是四环素在活性污泥上吸附的一种机制.四环素的初始浓度为5、10、20 mg.L-1,钠离子浓度由0 mol.L-1增加到0.1 mol.L-1时,吸附量分别下降15.32%、15.00%、20.12%.当pH在5～10之间时,pH为6的条件下污泥对四环素的吸附量最大.     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

纳米铁去除废水中硫离子的研究

研究了实验室自制的纳米铁对人工配制的含硫废水中S2-吸附的影响因素、吸附等温线、吸附动力学.并对纳米铁去除S2-的机制进行了初探.结果表明.增加纳米铁的投加量能增大S2-的去除率;增加初始S2-浓度,去除率下降,<100 mg·L-1的初始S2-浓度能被10 g·L-1纳米铁完全去除;纳米铁对S2-的吸附能力随pH值的升高而下降.且变化较大,pH为2、7、13时的去除率分别为87.34%、65.80%和44.61%;25℃时纳米铁对S2-的吸附能力最强,平衡吸附量为19.17 mg·g-1;温度升高或降低,吸附能力均下降,但变化不大;纳米铁对S2-的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程;纳米铁吸附S2-的过程符合拟二级动力学方程,初始时刻的吸附速率h在25℃最大,为1.575 3 mg·(g·mg)-1,而吸附速率常数随温度的升高而增大;吸附反应的活化能E.为8.22 kJ·mol-1;纳米铁对S2-的去除主要是通过形成表面络合物、硫氢基氧化铁和硫化铁(FeS、FeS2、FeSn)沉淀吸附在纳米铁表面来去除.     

有机改性镁铝层状氢氧化物对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附研究

采用共沉淀法合成以十二烷基硫酸根为层间阴离子的有机改性镁铝层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs-SDS),对其进行XRD、FT-IR表征,并研究其对水中阴离子染料酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附特性,探讨了吸附剂投加量、初始pH值、染料浓度、温度、吸附时间等因素对酸性橙Ⅱ吸附性能的影响.结果表明,LDHs-SDS对酸性橙Ⅱ染料废水具有明显的脱色效果,25℃下,0.2 g·L-1和0.4 g·L-1的LDHs-SDS对浓度为100 mg·L-1和200mg·L-1染料的脱色率可分别达到97.41％和97.13％.在pH为3～11之间,吸附效果良好;吸附在2h内完成;LDHs-SDS对酸性橙Ⅱ的饱和吸附量为486.44 mg·g-1.吸附规律较好地符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附反应为吸热反应,且吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程.在阴离子染料去除方面,LDHs-SDS显示出较好的应用前景.     

TiO2@酵母菌复合催化剂对刚果红的吸附特性研究

研究了TiO2@酵母复合型催化剂对阴离子染料刚果红的吸附性能,考察了pH、催化剂投加量、刚果红初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附效率的影响,并对吸附过程进行了动力学、等温模型和热力学分析.结果表明pH对吸附效率影响较大,最佳pH值为3;当刚果红浓度在10~50mg·L-1时,吸附量随着浓度的增加而增加;催化剂投加量为0.5 g·L-1,吸附效率较高;温度对吸附过程影响较小.TiO2@酵母复合催化剂吸附刚果红的过程符合准二级动力学模型;化学吸附为主要控制步骤;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,为单分子层吸附;ΔG为负值且ΔH为正值表明吸附是自发吸热过程.     

碳羟磷灰石(CHAP)对废水中Cd2+的吸附研究

采用废弃的鸡蛋壳为主要原料,制备碳羟磷灰石(CHAP)吸附剂,以去除废水中的Cd2 .吸附实验结果表明,废水中的Cd2 初始浓度、CHAP的用量、pH值、温度及作用时间等因素均能影响CHAP对Cd2 的吸附效果.常温下当CHAP加入量为5g·L-1,废水中Cd2 浓度为80mg·L-1,搅拌60min,Cd2 的去除率可高达96%,最佳pH值为6.CHAP对Cd2 等温吸附线基本符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式.     

铜离子和孔雀绿在磷酸酯化改性豆壳上的吸附行为

报道了一种功能基为磷酸羟基的酯化豆壳阳离子吸附剂的固相制备技术,研究了铜离子和孔雀绿在改性豆壳上的吸附行为.采用静态批次试验研究了不同实验参数(pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附质浓度和吸附时间)对铜和染料吸附的影响.铜离子和孔雀绿分别在pH≥3.0和6.0时达到最大吸附值.对于浓度为100 mg·L-1的铜溶液,5.0 g·L-1及以上的改性豆壳能去除91%以上的铜;改性豆壳用量≥2.0 g·L-1时,能去除浓度为250 mg·L-1的溶液中95%以上的孔雀绿.改性豆壳对铜离子和孔雀绿的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,最大吸附能力分别为31.55 mg·g-1和178.57 mg·g-1.对铜离子和孔雀绿的吸附分别在75 min和7 h达到吸附平衡,准一级反应动力学方程和准二级反应动力学方程能分别描述铜离子和孔雀绿在改性豆壳上的吸附过程.     

矿物基多孔颗粒材料净化石英纯化废水研究

制备了一种矿物基多孔颗粒吸附材料(MPGM),用于净化富含重金属离子的石英纯化废水.通过BET、SEM及FT-IR等技术分析表明,MPGM具有多孔径分布、大比表面积、低散失率等优良特性;N2吸附-脱附等温线为Ⅲ型,且存在H4型回滞环;官能团以层状硅酸盐矿物的基团为主.研究了吸附剂用量、初始p H值及时间对MPGM吸附Fe、Zn、Mn、As的影响,结果表明,4种金属离子浓度分别由77.760、3.700、2.789和0.963 mg·L-1吸附净化为3.421、0.574、0.126和0.034mg·L-1.对使用过的吸附材料利用1.0 mol·L-1的Na Cl脱附12 h,重复利用5次后仍维持理想的吸附水平.吸附机制研究表明,吸附体系均符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型及准一级动力学模型/准二级动力学模型;ΔGθ0、ΔHθ0、ΔSθ0,说明吸附过程为吸热反应,且在15~45℃温度下有利于反应顺利自发进行.     

平菇菌糠对废水中铜离子的生物吸附性能

针对重金属污染和农业固体废弃物资源化问题,利用平菇菌糠作为吸附剂对废水中Cu2+吸附性能进行研究.通过单因素实验测定pH、吸附时间、温度、Cu2+初始浓度对吸附效果的影响;利用扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射对其吸附机制进行了初步探究.结果表明,菌糠浓度为10 g·L-1,pH为6,吸附时间为120 min,吸附温度为30℃,铜离子初始浓度为8mg·L-1的条件下,吸附率可达到74.46%,吸附容量为0.744 6 mg·g-1.实验数据较好地吻合Langmuir吸附等温模型,其相关系数为0.994 9,表明吸附过程主要为单层化学吸附.扫描电镜-能谱、红外光谱和X射线衍射分析显示,平菇菌糠吸附Cu2+过程主要为物理吸附和化学吸附,包括静电吸附、络合和配位等反应,其中起主要作用的基团为—OH、—COOH、—NH等.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.